On dense granular flows.
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...Researchers have studied other confined geometries in addition to plane shear, including the cylindrical Couette cell (Figure 4b), the vertical silo (Figure 4c), and plane shear with gravity (GDR MiDi 2004, and references therein)....
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...F or p er so na l u se o nl y. ANRV332-FL40-01 ARI 10 November 2007 15:46 A possible interpretation of this parameter is given in terms of the ratio between two time scales (GDR MiDi 2004): (a) a microscopic time scale d/ √ P/ρp , which represents the time it takes for a particle to fall in a hole of size d under the pressure P and which gives the typical time scale of rearrangements, and (b) a macroscopic time scale 1/γ̇ linked to the mean deformation....
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...Open circles represent inclined-plane experiments, where μ(I ) is derived from measurements of depth-averaged velocities at different inclinations and thicknesses (GDR MiDi 2004, Pouliquen 1999a); filled circles represent inclined-plane simulations (Baran et al. 2006); and crosses represent plane-shear experiments (material II, sample A), in which normal stress and volume fraction measurements were obtained in 3D annular shear cells (Savage & Sayed 1984)....
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...127:1–26 GDR MiDi....
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...GDR MiDi (2004) discusses in detail the characteristics of these configurations in terms of velocity profiles, density profiles, and velocity fluctuations....
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"On dense granular flows." refers background in this paper
...The material is often described using soil plasticity models [10,11]....
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"On dense granular flows." refers methods in this paper
...In this regime particles interact through binary collisions and a kinetic theory has been developed by analogy with the kinetic theory of gases [12,13]....
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"On dense granular flows." refers background or methods in this paper
...when h > hstop(θ), the flow is steady and uniform for moderate inclination, but accelerates along the plane for too large inclinations [44,51, 60,61]....
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...This behaviour is common to both experiments and numerical simulations [62,44,60,61]....
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...The simulation reported here are 2D only, but recent heavy computations have allowed 3D geometry [60,61]....
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...Closer inspection of these profiles [44] and recent numerical analysis for 3D flows [60,61] reveal that for flow parameters (h,θ) far enough from the flowing threshold curve hstop(θ) the velocity roughly obeys a Bagnold like profile:...
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