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Book ChapterDOI

On quantum noise

01 Jan 1995-pp 359-369
TL;DR: In this paper, the distribution function for the current noise in Quantum point contacts is discussed and a new derivation of the Lesovik-Levitov formulae is suggested.
Abstract: We discuss the distribution function for the current noise in Quantum point contacts. Special interest is paid to contact of a superconductor with a normal metal. A new derivation of the Lesovik-Levitov formulae is suggested. It is shown, for the SN point contacts, that the distribution of the noise describes independent processes when charge ±e 0 or ±2e 0 passes through the contact. At low temperature and voltage only processes with double charge transfer are relevant. At zero temperature and low voltage the distribution has a binomial form.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a pedagogical introduction to the physics of quantum noise and its connections to quantum measurement and quantum amplification is given, and the basics of weak continuous measurements are described.
Abstract: The topic of quantum noise has become extremely timely due to the rise of quantum information physics and the resulting interchange of ideas between the condensed matter and atomic, molecular, optical--quantum optics communities. This review gives a pedagogical introduction to the physics of quantum noise and its connections to quantum measurement and quantum amplification. After introducing quantum noise spectra and methods for their detection, the basics of weak continuous measurements are described. Particular attention is given to the treatment of the standard quantum limit on linear amplifiers and position detectors within a general linear-response framework. This approach is shown how it relates to the standard Haus-Caves quantum limit for a bosonic amplifier known in quantum optics and its application to the case of electrical circuits is illustrated, including mesoscopic detectors and resonant cavity detectors.

1,581 citations


Cites background or methods from "On quantum noise"

  • ...The approach here is different from typical treatments in the quantum optics literature (Gardiner and Zoller, 2000; Haus, 2000), and uses nothing more than features of quantum linear response....

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  • ...…in the quantum optics and quantum dissipative systems communities and are the subject of several comprehensive books (Braginsky and Khalili, 1992; Gardiner and Zoller, 2000; Haus, 2000; Weiss, 1999), they are somewhat newer to the condensed matter physics community; moreover, some of the…...

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  • ...Only as one tries to further increase the resolution will one finally encounter relativistic effects (pair production) that set a limit given by the Compton wavelength of the electron....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An object-oriented open-source framework for solving the dynamics of open quantum systems written in Python that is particularly well suited to the fields of quantum optics, superconducting circuit devices, nanomechanics, and trapped ions, while also being ideal for use in classroom instruction.

1,430 citations


Cites background from "On quantum noise"

  • ...(9) may be found in several sources [2, 33, 34], and will not be reproduced here....

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Journal ArticleDOI
10 Dec 2010-Science
TL;DR: Electromagnetically induced transparency in an optomechanical system whereby the coupling of a cavity to a light pulse is used to control the transmission of light through the cavity may help to allow the engineering of light storage and routing on an optical chip.
Abstract: Electromagnetically induced transparency is a quantum interference effect observed in atoms and molecules, in which the optical response of an atomic medium is controlled by an electromagnetic field. We demonstrated a form of induced transparency enabled by radiation-pressure coupling of an optical and a mechanical mode. A control optical beam tuned to a sideband transition of a micro-optomechanical system leads to destructive interference for the excitation of an intracavity probe field, inducing a tunable transparency window for the probe beam. Optomechanically induced transparency may be used for slowing and on-chip storage of light pulses via microfabricated optomechanical arrays.

1,316 citations


Cites background from "On quantum noise"

  • ...As pointed out also by an independent study [9], this effect can be considered a strict optomechanical analog of EIT....

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  • ...Using the input-output relation [9], one obtains:...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, quantum jump, Monte Carlo wave function, and quantum-trajectory methods are discussed and applied to a number of current problems in quantum optics, and relate them to ensemble descriptions.
Abstract: Dissipation, the irreversible loss of energy and coherence, from a microsystem is the result of coupling to a much larger macrosystem (or reservoir) that is so large that one has no chance of keeping track of all of its degrees of freedom. The microsystem evolution is then described by tracing over the reservoir states, which results in an irreversible decay as excitation leaks out of the initially excited microsystems into the outer reservoir environment. Earlier treatments of this dissipation used density matrices to describe an ensemble of microsystems, either in the Schr\"odinger picture with master equations, or in the Heisenberg picture with Langevin equations. The development of experimental techniques to study single quantum systems (for example, single trapped ions, or cavity-radiation-field modes) has stimulated the construction of theoretical methods to describe individual realizations conditioned on a particular observation record of the decay channel. These methods, variously described as quantum-jump, Monte Carlo wave function, and quantum-trajectory methods, are the subject of this review article. We discuss their derivation, apply them to a number of current problems in quantum optics, and relate them to ensemble descriptions.

1,232 citations


Cites background or methods from "On quantum noise"

  • ...5j m^Ê ~2 !~ t1!. ....

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  • ...Ê ~1 !~ t8!n!...

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  • ...Re ~L2jR!~ t12t !r~ t !...

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  • ...On the other hand, one has to use the somewhat unintuitive Ito formalism (Gardiner, 1992; Gardiner et al., 1992), when a more physically oriented derivation would sometimes help to interpret the resulting equations....

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Journal ArticleDOI
06 Aug 2009-Nature
TL;DR: The observation of optomechanical normal mode splitting is reported, which provides unambiguous evidence for strong coupling of cavity photons to a mechanical resonator, which paves the way towards full quantum optical control of nano- and micromechanical devices.
Abstract: Achieving coherent quantum control over massive mechanical resonators is a current research goal. Nano- and micromechanical devices can be coupled to a variety of systems, for example to single electrons by electrostatic or magnetic coupling, and to photons by radiation pressure or optical dipole forces. So far, all such experiments have operated in a regime of weak coupling, in which reversible energy exchange between the mechanical device and its coupled partner is suppressed by fast decoherence of the individual systems to their local environments. Controlled quantum experiments are in principle not possible in such a regime, but instead require strong coupling. So far, this has been demonstrated only between microscopic quantum systems, such as atoms and photons (in the context of cavity quantum electrodynamics) or solid state qubits and photons. Strong coupling is an essential requirement for the preparation of mechanical quantum states, such as squeezed or entangled states, and also for using mechanical resonators in the context of quantum information processing, for example, as quantum transducers. Here we report the observation of optomechanical normal mode splitting, which provides unambiguous evidence for strong coupling of cavity photons to a mechanical resonator. This paves the way towards full quantum optical control of nano- and micromechanical devices.

848 citations


Cites background from "On quantum noise"

  • ...We are grateful to T. Corbitt, C. Genes, S. Goßler, P. K. Lam, G. Milburn, P. Rabl and P. Zoller for discussions....

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  • ...(An excellent text that greatly assisted the research in this thesis is Quantum Noise by Gardiner and Zoller [52]....

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  • ...[21] K. Hammerer, M. Aspelmeyer, E. Polzik, and P. Zoller, Phys....

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References
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Book
01 Jan 1966
TL;DR: Superconductivity of Metals and Alloys as mentioned in this paper is an introductory course at the University of Orsay, which is intended to explain the basic knowledge of superconductivity for both experimentalists and theoreticians.
Abstract: Drawn from the author's introductory course at the University of Orsay, Superconductivity of Metals and Alloys is intended to explain the basic knowledge of superconductivity for both experimentalists and theoreticians. These notes begin with an elementary discussion of magnetic properties of Type I and Type II superconductors. The microscopic theory is then built up in the Bogolubov language of self-consistent fields. This text provides the classic, fundamental basis for any work in the field of superconductivity.

3,839 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the Bogoliubov equations were used to model the transmission and reflection of particles at the tunnel junction of normal-superconducting micro-constriction contacts, and a simple theory for the $I\ensuremath{-}V$ curves of normal superconducting contacts was proposed to describe the crossover from metallic to tunnel junction behavior.
Abstract: We propose a simple theory for the $I\ensuremath{-}V$ curves of normal-superconducting microconstriction contacts which describes the crossover from metallic to tunnel junction behavior. The detailed calculations are performed within a generalized semiconductor model, with the use of the Bogoliubov equations to treat the transmission and reflection of particles at the $N\ensuremath{-}S$ interface. By including a barrier of arbitrary strength at the interface, we have computed a family of $I\ensuremath{-}V$ curves ranging from the tunnel junction to the metallic limit. Excess current, generated by Andreev reflection, is found to vary smoothly from $\frac{4\ensuremath{\Delta}}{3e{R}_{N}}$ in the metallic case to zero for the tunnel junction. Charge-imbalance generation, previously calculated only for tunnel barriers, has been recalculated for an arbitrary barrier strength, and detailed insight into the conversion of normal current to supercurrent at the interface is obtained. We emphasize that the calculated differential conductance offers a particularly direct experimental test of the predictions of the model.

2,772 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Markus Büttiker1
TL;DR: The fluctuation-dissipation theorem for multiprobe conductors is discussed and a general expression for the excess noise in the presence of transport is derived.
Abstract: Thermal fluctuations at equilibrium and excess fluctuations in the presence of transport in open multiprobe conductors are related to the scattering matrix of the conductor. The fluctuation-dissipation theorem for multiprobe conductors is discussed. A general expression for the excess noise in the presence of transport is derived. These results are applied to conductors which exhibit the quantized Hall effect. If backscattering is suppressed, excess noise is also suppressed.

481 citations