On the Charge Collection Efficiency of the PERCIVAL Detector
TL;DR: The PERCIVAL soft X-ray imager is being developed by DESY, RAL, Elettra, DLS, and PAL to address the challenges at high brilliance Light Sources such as new-generation Synchrotrons and Free Electro...
Abstract: The PERCIVAL soft X-ray imager is being developed by DESY, RAL, Elettra, DLS, and PAL to address the challenges at high brilliance Light Sources such as new-generation Synchrotrons and Free Electro ...
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TL;DR: The PERCIVAL (Pixelated Energy Resolving CMOS Imager, Versatile And Large) soft X-ray 2D imaging detector is based on stitched, wafer-scale sensors possessing a thick epi-layer, which together with back-thinning and back-side illumination yields elevated quantum efficiency in the photon energy range of 125-1000 eV.
Abstract: The PERCIVAL (Pixelated Energy Resolving CMOS Imager, Versatile And Large) soft X-ray 2D imaging detector is based on stitched, wafer-scale sensors possessing a thick epi-layer, which together with back-thinning and back-side illumination yields elevated quantum efficiency in the photon energy range of 125–1000 eV. Main application fields of PERCIVAL are foreseen in photon science with FELs and synchrotron radiation. This requires high dynamic range up to 105 ph @ 250 eV paired with single photon sensitivity with high confidence at moderate frame rates in the range of 10–120 Hz. These figures imply the availability of dynamic gain switching on a pixel-by-pixel basis and a highly parallel, low noise analog and digital readout, which has been realized in the PERCIVAL sensor layout. Different aspects of the detector performance have been assessed using prototype sensors with different pixel and ADC types. This work will report on the recent test results performed on the newest chip prototypes with the improved pixel and ADC architecture. For the target frame rates in the 10–120 Hz range an average noise floor of 14e− has been determined, indicating the ability of detecting single photons with energies above 250 eV. Owing to the successfully implemented adaptive 3-stage multiple-gain switching, the integrated charge level exceeds 4 10^6 e− or 57000 X-ray photons at 250 eV per frame at 120 Hz. For all gains the noise level remains below the Poisson limit also in high-flux conditions. Additionally, a short overview over the updates on an oncoming 2 Mpixel (P2M) detector system (expected at the end of 2016) will be reported.
11 citations
TL;DR: The back-side-illuminated Percival 2-Megapixel (P2M) detector is presented, along with its characterization by means of optical and X-ray photons, and for the first time the response of the system to soft X-rays is presented.
Abstract: In this paper the back-side-illuminated Percival 2-Megapixel (P2M) detector is presented, along with its characterization by means of optical and X-ray photons. For the first time, the response of the system to soft X-rays (250 eV to 1 keV) is presented. The main performance parameters of the first detector are measured, assessing the capabilities in terms of noise, dynamic range and single-photon discrimination capability. Present limitations and coming improvements are discussed.
9 citations
TL;DR: The peak brilliance reached by today's Free-Electron Laser and Synchrotron light sources requires photon detectors matching their output intensity and other characteristics in order to fully realiz...
Abstract: The peak brilliance reached by today's Free-Electron Laser and Synchrotron light sources requires photon detectors matching their output intensity and other characteristics in order to fully realiz ...
7 citations
29 Aug 2022
TL;DR: In this article , the physics and performance of back-illuminated CCDs are reviewed and the requirements for stable, strong surface passivation in space-relevant environments are derived.
Abstract: In this paper we review the physics and performance of back-illuminated CCDs. Models of back-illuminated CCDs are used to derive requirements for stable, strong surface passivation in space-relevant environments. Models and data are used to compare state-of-the-art surface passivation methods with 2D-doped surfaces. MBE growth of 2D-doped silicon on back-illuminated CCDs and CMOS image sensors enables near 100% charge collection efficiency with exceptional stability in space and other harsh environments. Lifetime tests performed on 2D-doped CMOS image sensors using pulsed DUV lasers have demonstrated the unique stability of 2D-doped detectors against high levels of radiation-induced surface damage. The insensitivity of 2D-doped detectors to Si-SiO2 traps has facilitated the development of a variety of coatings and filters with science-enabling capabilities for NASA instruments and missions in the far and near ultraviolet spectral range. We discuss the status and goals of a strategic partnership between JPL and Teledyne e2v for the certification of 2Ddoping processes, and report initial results from our collaboration.
1 citations
TL;DR: The PERCIVAL detector as discussed by the authors is a CMOS imager designed for the soft X-ray regime at photon sources, which performs remarkably well in terms of spatial resolution achievable in the sample plane, owing to its small pixel size, large active area and very large dynamic range.
Abstract: The PERCIVAL detector is a CMOS imager designed for the soft X-ray regime at photon sources. Although still in its final development phase, it has recently seen its first user experiments: ptychography at a free-electron laser, holographic imaging at a storage ring and preliminary tests on X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. The detector performed remarkably well in terms of spatial resolution achievable in the sample plane, owing to its small pixel size, large active area and very large dynamic range; but also in terms of its frame rate, which is significantly faster than traditional CCDs. In particular, it is the combination of these features which makes PERCIVAL an attractive option for soft X-ray science.
1 citations
References
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11 May 2013-Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment
TL;DR: In this article, the layout of the Variable Polarization XUV Beamline P04 at PETRA III is described with emphasis on selected examples of optics, mirrors and gratings.
Abstract: The layout of the Variable Polarization XUV Beamline P04 at PETRA III is described with emphasis on selected examples of optics, mirrors and gratings. A precise characterization of the optics, their performance inside the holder and of the surrounding mechanics is presented. This also includes a detailed characterization of the different beamline mechanics as a whole (grating unit, exit slit unit, re-focusing unit) including the environment.
164 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the source characteristics of the European XFEL and the planned experimental facilities that are relevant for the X-ray detectors are presented, and the requirements for the 2D Xray Detectors are stated and explained.
Abstract: The source characteristics of the European XFEL and the planned experimental facilities that are relevant for the X-ray detectors are presented, and the requirements for the 2-dimensional X-ray Detectors are stated and explained. It is clear that, although these requirements will evolve with time, they demand new detector concepts to be developed. Three X-ray detector development projects have been initiated by the European XFEL, each using a conceptually different approach to meet the stringent requirements. The basic principles used in the projects are briefly presented.
119 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a delta-doped backside-thinned CCD was used to grow a boron delta-layer with surface density of about 2 x 10 exp 14/sq cm.
Abstract: Low-temperature silicon molecular beam epitaxy is used to grow a delta-doped silicon layer on a fully processed charge-coupled device (CCD). The measured quantum efficiency of the delta-doped backside-thinned CCD is in agreement with the reflection limit for light incident on the back surface in the spectral range of 260-600 nm. The 2.5 nm silicon layer, grown at 450 C, contained a boron delta-layer with surface density of about 2 x 10 exp 14/sq cm. Passivation of the surface was done by steam oxidation of a nominally undoped 1.5 nm Si cap layer. The UV quantum efficiency was found to be uniform and stable with respect to thermal cycling and illumination conditions.
91 citations
TL;DR: The resonant scattering and diffraction beamline P09 at PETRA III is designed for X-ray experiments requiring small beams, energy tunability, variable polarization and high photon flux.
Abstract: The resonant scattering and diffraction beamline P09 at PETRA III is designed for X-ray experiments requiring small beams, energy tunability, variable polarization and high photon flux. It is highly flexible in terms of beam size and offers full higher harmonic suppression. A state-of-the-art double phase-retarder set-up provides variable linear or circular polarization. A high-precision Psi-diffractometer and a heavy-load diffractometer in horizontal Psi-geometry allow the accommodation of a wide variety of sample environments. A 14 T cryo-magnet is available for scattering experiments in magnetic fields.
81 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the elettra circular polarization beamline and electromagnetic elliptical wiggler insertion device were discussed. But the authors focused on the beamforming and not the insertion of the device.
Abstract: (1999). The elettra circular polarization beamline and electromagnetic elliptical wiggler insertion device. Synchrotron Radiation News: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 34-38.
36 citations