On the experimental measurement of fracture toughness in SENT rubber specimens
TL;DR: In this paper, a direct comparison of several experimental approaches used in the literature to measure fracture toughness of rubber of rubber using single edge notched in tension (SENT) specimens, with the final aim to provide guidelines for an optimal testing procedure.
About: This article is published in Polymer Testing.The article was published on 2020-07-01. It has received 18 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Strain energy release rate & Fracture toughness.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the physical and chemical processes associated with possible damming are discussed. But the authors focus on the physical degradation and damage over time in harsh environments and do not consider the effects of damming on polymeric materials.
Abstract: Typically, polymeric materials experience material degradation and damage over time in harsh environments. Improved understanding of the physical and chemical processes associated with possible dam...
21 citations
Cites background from "On the experimental measurement of ..."
...Recently, Agnelli et al.[150] experimentally proved and provided the dimensional requirements and calculation techniques of rubber SENT samples for precise G determinations....
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...Recently, Agnelli et al.([150]) experimentally proved and provided the dimensional requirements and calculation techniques of rubber SENT samples for precise G determinations....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the mechanical and fatigue behavior of a carbon filled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) was investigated through DMA measurements and a new procedure for building fatigue master curves has been investigated by exploiting the temperature dependence of the loss modulus.
18 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focused on numerical investigation on fracture behaviors of carbon black (CB) and silica filled elastomeric composites and found that fracture propagation resistance of CB filled elastic composites is 125% more than that of silica-filled elastomers.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a combination of digital image correlation (DIC) and acoustic emission (AE) technique is proposed to measure the fracture toughness JIC of polyethylene pipe material, and the results show that fracture toughness is independent of tensile speed within range of 0.01-1.00mm/min.
9 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect on fatigue crack growth of a non-crystallizing rubber was investigated using cyclically loaded pure shear specimens considering different loading conditions, including waveform, frequency and load ratio.
6 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the effect of surface scratches on the mechanical strength of solids, and some general conclusions were reached which appear to have a direct bearing on the problem of rupture, from an engineering standpoint, and also on the larger question of the nature of intermolecular cohesion.
Abstract: In the course of an investigation of the effect of surface scratches on the mechanical strength of solids, some general conclusions were reached which appear to have a direct bearing on the problem of rupture, from an engineering standpoint, and also on the larger question of the nature of intermolecular cohesion. The original object of the work, which was carried out at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, was the discovery of the effect of surface treatment—such as, for instance, filing, grinding or polishing—on the strength of metallic machine parts subjected to alternating or repeated loads. In the case of steel, and some other metals in common use, the results of fatigue tests indicated that the range of alternating stress which could be permanently sustained by the material was smaller than the range within which it was sensibly elastic, after being subjected to a great number of reversals. Hence it was inferred that the safe range of loading of a part, having a scratched or grooved surface of a given type, should be capable of estimation with the help of one of the two hypotheses of rupture commonly used for solids which are elastic to fracture. According to these hypotheses rupture may be expected if (a) the maximum tensile stress, ( b ) the maximum extension, exceeds a certain critical value. Moreover, as the behaviour of the materials under consideration, within the safe range of alternating stress, shows very little departure from Hooke’s law, it was thought that the necessary stress and strain calculations could be performed by means of the mathematical theory of elasticity.
10,162 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the C rack-tip strain singularities with the aid of an energy line integral exhibiting path independence for all contours surrounding a crack tip in a two-dimensional deformation field of an elastic material (or elastic/plastic material treated by a deformation theory).
Abstract: C rack-tip strain singularities are investigated with the aid of an energy line integral exhibiting path independence for all contours surrounding a crack tip in a two-dimensional deformation field of an elastic material (or elastic/plastic material treated by a deformation theory). It is argued that the product of stress and strain exhibits a singularity varying inversely with distance from the tip in all materials. Corresponding near crack tip stress and strain fields are obtained for the plane straining of an incompressible elastic/plastic material hardening according to a power law. A noteworthy feature of the solution is the rapid rise of triaxial stress concentration above the flow stress with increasing values of the hardening exponent. Results are presented graphically for a range of hardening exponents, and the interpretation of the solution is aided by a discussion of analogous results in the better understood anti-plane strain case.
2,890 citations
TL;DR: The resistance to tearing of a rubber vulcanizate is usually determined by loading in a specified manner a test-piece of the vulcanizer of standard shape, in which a notch has been produced, either in the molding process or by cutting the testpiece in a standard fashion.
Abstract: The resistance to tearing of a rubber vulcanizate is usually determined by loading in a specified manner a test-piece of the vulcanizate of standard shape, in which a notch has been produced, either in the molding process or by cutting the test-piece in a standard fashion. A wide variety of shapes of test-piece and notch and of methods of loading have been recommended by various authors (see, for example, Buist1).
1,142 citations
Abstract: Under repeated stressing, cracks in a specimen of vulcanized rubber may propagate and lead to failure. It has been found, however, that below a critical severity of strain no propagation occurs in the absence of chemical corrosion. This severity defines a fatigue limit for repeated stressing below which the life can be virtually indefinite. It can be expressed as the energy per unit area required to produce new surface ( T 0 ), and is about 5 x 10 4 erg/cm 2 . In contrast with gross strength properties such as tear and tensile strength, T 0 does not correlate with the viscoelastic behaviour of the material and varies only relatively slightly with chemical structure. It is shown that T 0 can be calculated approximately by considering the energy required to rupture the polymer chains lying across the path of the crack. This energy is calculated from the strengths of the chemical bonds, secondary forces being ignored. Theory and experiment agree within a factor of 2. Reasons why T 0 and the gross strength properties are influenced by different aspects of the structure of the material are discussed.
691 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the J-integral can be directly evaluated from single load-displacement records for a series of crack toughness specimens having the common feature that their only significant length dimension is that of the uncracked ligament.
Abstract: It is shown that the J-integral can be directly evaluated from single load-displacement records for a series of crack toughness specimens having the common feature that their only significant length dimension is that of the uncracked ligament. For the special case of bending loads on the ligament of a deeply cracked bar, J is shown to be twice the work of deformation divided by the ligament area. This and like results are employed to discuss Charpy and 'equivalent energy' toughness measures and also to evolve yet simpler estimating procedures for the J-integral.
560 citations