On the mechanisms of biocompatibility.
TL;DR: It is shown that, in the vast majority of circumstances, the sole requirement for biocompatibility in a medical device intended for long-term contact with the tissues of the human body is that the material shall do no harm to those tissues, achieved through chemical and biological inertness.
About: This article is published in Biomaterials.The article was published on 2008-07-01. It has received 2219 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Biocompatibility & Biomaterial.
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TL;DR: 3D bioprinting is being applied to regenerative medicine to address the need for tissues and organs suitable for transplantation and developing high-throughput 3D-bioprinted tissue models for research, drug discovery and toxicology.
Abstract: Additive manufacturing, otherwise known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, is driving major innovations in many areas, such as engineering, manufacturing, art, education and medicine. Recent advances have enabled 3D printing of biocompatible materials, cells and supporting components into complex 3D functional living tissues. 3D bioprinting is being applied to regenerative medicine to address the need for tissues and organs suitable for transplantation. Compared with non-biological printing, 3D bioprinting involves additional complexities, such as the choice of materials, cell types, growth and differentiation factors, and technical challenges related to the sensitivities of living cells and the construction of tissues. Addressing these complexities requires the integration of technologies from the fields of engineering, biomaterials science, cell biology, physics and medicine. 3D bioprinting has already been used for the generation and transplantation of several tissues, including multilayered skin, bone, vascular grafts, tracheal splints, heart tissue and cartilaginous structures. Other applications include developing high-throughput 3D-bioprinted tissue models for research, drug discovery and toxicology.
4,841 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of alloy chemistry, thermomechanical processing and surface condition on these properties is discussed and various surface modification techniques to achieve superior biocompatibility, higher wear and corrosion resistance.
4,113 citations
TL;DR: Polycaprolactone (PCL) was used in the biomaterials field and a number of drug-delivery devices for up to 3-4 years.
3,070 citations
TL;DR: In this review, recent advances in bone scaffolds are highlighted and aspects that still need to be improved are discussed.
1,737 citations
TL;DR: An overview of the different types of scaffolds with their material properties is discussed and the fabrication technologies for tissue engineering scaffolds, including the basic and conventional techniques to the more recent ones, are tabulated.
Abstract: Current strategies of regenerative medicine are focused on the restoration of pathologically altered tissue architectures by transplantation of cells in combination with supportive scaffolds and biomolecules. In recent years, considerable interest has been given to biologically active scaffolds which are based on similar analogs of the extracellular matrix that have induced synthesis of tissues and organs. To restore function or regenerate tissue, a scaffold is necessary that will act as a temporary matrix for cell proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition, with subsequent ingrowth until the tissues are totally restored or regenerated. Scaffolds have been used for tissue engineering such as bone, cartilage, ligament, skin, vascular tissues, neural tissues, and skeletal muscle and as vehicle for the controlled delivery of drugs, proteins, and DNA. Various technologies come together to construct porous scaffolds to regenerate the tissues/organs and also for controlled and targeted release of bioactive agents in tissue engineering applications. In this paper, an overview of the different types of scaffolds with their material properties is discussed. The fabrication technologies for tissue engineering scaffolds, including the basic and conventional techniques to the more recent ones, are tabulated.
1,480 citations
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TL;DR: This chapter is a critical review of biodegradation, biocompatibility and tissue/material interactions, and selected examples of PLA and PLGA microsphere controlled release systems, and emphasis is placed on polymer and microSphere characteristics which modulate the degradation behaviour and the foreign body reaction to the microspheres.
2,351 citations
TL;DR: Experiments in animals showed complete intimal coverage within weeks and no late thrombosis during a follow-up period of up to one year, and preliminary experience suggests that this vascular endoprosthesis may offer a useful way to prevent occlusion and restenosis after transluminal angioplasty.
Abstract: Occlusion and restenosis are the most common reasons that transluminal balloon angioplasty may fail to provide long-term benefit. An intravascular mechanical support was therefore developed with the aim of preventing restenosis and sudden closure of diseased arteries after angioplasty. The endoprosthesis consists of a self-expandable stainless-steel mesh that can be implanted nonsurgically in the coronary or peripheral arteries. Experiments in animals showed complete intimal coverage within weeks and no late thrombosis during a follow-up period of up to one year. We performed 10 implantations in 6 patients for iliac or femoral arterial disease; 24 coronary-artery stents were implanted in 19 patients who presented with coronary-artery restenoses (n = 17) or abrupt closure (n = 4) after transluminal angioplasty or deterioration of coronary-bypass grafts (n = 3). We observed three complications in the group with coronary disease. One thrombotic occlusion of a stent resulted in asymptomatic closure, a second acute thrombosis was managed successfully with thrombolysis, and one patient died after bypass surgery for a suspected but unfound occlusion. Follow-up in the patients has continued for nine months without evidence of any further restenoses within the stented segments. Our preliminary experience suggests that this vascular endoprosthesis may offer a useful way to prevent occlusion and restenosis after transluminal angioplasty. Long-term follow-up will be required to validate the early success of this procedure.
1,817 citations
"On the mechanisms of biocompatibili..." refers background in this paper
...The answer to this dilemma was the intravascular stent, in which an expandable tubular stent was deployed within the lumen of the vessel, thereby physically holding the vessel open [66]....
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TL;DR: This review presents the biological components and time course of the acute and chronic tissue reaction in brain tissue, analyses the brain tissue response of current electrode systems, and comments on the various material science and bioactive strategies undertaken by electrode designers to enhance electrode performance.
1,741 citations
"On the mechanisms of biocompatibili..." refers background in this paper
...The design of the device and the physical relationship between the device and the body play significant roles [4], as do the presence or absence of micro-organisms [5] and endotoxins [6]....
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TL;DR: It is satisfied that percutaneous transluminal recanalization is the treatment of choice for many lesions of the femoral and popliteal arteries and this method is ready for application to obstructions up to approximately 10 cm.
Abstract: The rationale and technic of a new procedure—transluminal recanalization of arterio-sclerotic obstructions—has been described. Of the 11 extremities treated, six have shown marked improvement (four amputations averted). It is reasonable to assume that with a perfected technic and patients with less advanced disease, the percentage of successful recanalizations would increase. Early treatment with this technic may well prevent otherwise serious disease, not just prevent amputation of extremities not suitable for definitive surgery. We are satisfied that percutaneous transluminal recanalization is the treatment of choice for many lesions of the femoral and popliteal arteries. We believe this method is ready for application to obstructions up to approximately 10 cm. by those skilled in the use of vascular catheters. No doubt the interest and ingenuity of others will lead to refinements of technic as well as further clarification of the role of this attack on arteriosclerotic obstructions.
1,708 citations
TL;DR: The ability to manipulate and reconstitute tissue structure and function using chitosan has tremendous clinical implications and is likely to play a key role in cell and gene therapies in coming years.
1,500 citations