On the Military Utility of Spectral Design in Signature Management : a Systems Approach
01 Jan 2018-
TL;DR: There is an ongoing duel between military sensor development and developments in signature management, and the last decade, with warfare characterized by joint expeditionary operations and asymmetry, has seen an increase in the importance of signature management in warfare.
Abstract: There is an ongoing duel between military sensor development and developments in signature management. The last decade, with warfare characterized by joint expeditionary operations and asymmetry, h ...
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Journal Article•
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TL;DR: In this paper , a spectral signal (SL) of camouflage textile was hypothetically simulated against dry leaves, green leaves, tree bark-woodland, water-marine, sand-desertland, stone-stoneland, snow-snowland, sky and ice-iceland CB (DGTWSIB), and a simultaneous CB of woodland-marine and marine-deert for camouflage textiles assessment.
Abstract: Abstract Camouflage textile assessments are limited in defense research for single and multidimensional combat background (CB) against hyperspectral imaging (HSI). The development of camouflage textiles needs to be upgraded for the capabilities of modern battlefield surveillance. The purpose of this simulation work is to design remote sensing methodology and desired spectral properties of camouflage textiles. A spectral signal (SL) of camouflage textile was hypothetically simulated against dry leaves, green leaves, tree bark-woodland, water-marine, sand-desertland, stone-stoneland, snow-snowland, sky and ice-iceland CB (DGTWSIB), and a simultaneous CB of woodland-marine and marine-desert for camouflage textiles assessment. This simulation is to establish SL assessment technique of object-background (OB) in ultraviolet (UV), visible (Vis) and infrared (IR) illumination in terms of HSI spectrometry, near infrared spectrophotometry (NIRS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIRS) for the advancement and establishment of camouflage textiles assessment. The broad geographical DGTWSIB of camouflage textiles has been contemplated for spectral reflection in OB environments for concealment, detection, recognition, and identification (CDRI). Theoretical simulation of SL has been derived for assessment of camouflage textiles compared with single, simultaneous, and adaptive backgrounds from military CB or locations. The hypothetical and methodological model will direct advanced formulation of camouflage textile measurement for combat mechanism of reflection-SL-CDRI-OB-DGTWSIB-UV-Vis-IR (100–10,000 nm) against defense threat of HSI.
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TL;DR: In this article , the reflection spectra of ZR, LR, HR, and HLR materials are analyzed and correlated against DGTWSIB in visible and NIR spectrums.
Abstract: Visible and near infrared spectra of “sixteen materials for textile coloration/finishing/patterning” such as titanium dioxide, calcium oxide, aluminum, tin metal, tin oxide, iron powder, boron carbide, magnesium powder, carbon black pigment, titanium carbide, isolan black 2S LDN, isolan orange, telon blue A 2R, telon red A 2R, telon violet 3R, and telon yellow A 2R; and ‘nine materials of combat backgrounds (CBs) such as dry leaves, green leaves, tree bark-woodland CB; water-marine CB; sand-desertland CB; stone-stoneland CB; snow-snowland CB; sky CB; and ice-iceland CB (DGTWSIB) are obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry and colorflex EZ spectrophotometer. A method of ‘Monte Carlo cross validation’ was applied for spectral simulation in visible and near infrared spectrums through experimental data information. The characterized reflection spectra of zero reflection (ZR), low reflection (LR), high reflection (HR), and HR–LR (HLR) materials are coalesced and simulated for camouflage materials design and textile applications against multidimensional CBs, DGTWSIB. The reflections of aluminum, titanium dioxide, calcium oxide, tin metal, tin oxide, and iron powder are irradiated as HR materials. Oppositely boron carbide, magnesium powder, carbon black pigment, and titanium carbide are illuminated as LR materials. Consequently, the mixing principle of HR and LR materials are also classified as HLR materials. Spectral properties of CB materials are also depicted as ZR materials against selected CBs. Spectral signal of ZR, LR, HR, and HLR materials are identified as more expedient camouflage materials for concealment of target signature than six selected synthetic dyes such as Isolan Black 2S LDN, Isolan Orange, Telon Blue A 2R, Telon Red A 2R, Telon Violet 3R, and Telon Yellow A 2R. The reflection spectra of ZR, LR, HR, and HLR materials are simulated and correlated against DGTWSIB in visible and NIR spectrums. Simulated spectral signals are considered for camouflage materials design and camouflage textiles formulation against DGTWSIB combat location, the CBs are mostly practiced by defence professional. Furthermore, the reflection principle of camouflage textiles coloration/finishing/patterning has been accumulated under spectral signal of DGTWSIB, camouflage materials and synthetic dyes, synthetic dye–metal and synthetic dye–pigment combination. Therefore, depth analysis and graphical results of ZR, LR, HR, and HLR materials are the potential findings for selection of camouflage materials, right development of camouflage textile products, and camouflage assessment of hyperspectral imaging for defence protection in the entire spectrums of UV–Vis–IR. This optical parameters of ZR, LR, HR, and HLR materials have also applications to the materials community of multidimensional branches of material research. Graphical abstract
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TL;DR: The current issues will remain at 32 pages until a more adequate supply of paper is assured, due to a shortage of paper for Bacto-Agar research.
Abstract: The current issues will remain at 32 pages until we are assured of a more adequate supply ofpaper. Bacto-Agar is a purified Agar prepared from domestic material. In the manufacture of Bacto-Agar extraneous matter, pigmented portions, and salts are reduced to a minimum, so that the finished product in the form of fine granules will dissolve rapidly, giving clear solutions. Bacto-Asparagine Bacto-Asparagine is a purified amino acid widely used in synthetic culture media and in the preparation of tuberculin.
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TL;DR: In this theory, the consideration of cases which are all of the same probability is insisted upon as mentioned in this paper, and what remains to be done within the framework of this theory amounts to the enumeration of all alternatives, their breakdown into equi-probable cases and their insertion into corresponding classifications.
Abstract: EVER SINCE mathematicians first began to study the measurement of risk there has been general agreement on the following proposition: Expected values are computed by multiplying each possible gain by the number of ways in which it can occur, and then dividing the sum of these products by the total number of possible cases where, in this theory, the consideration of cases which are all of the same probability is insisted upon. If this rule be accepted, what remains to be done within the framework of this theory amounts to the enumeration of all alternatives, their breakdown into equi-probable cases and, finally, their insertion into corresponding classifications…
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TL;DR: In a very crucial sense there is no methodology without logos, without thinking about thinking as mentioned in this paper, and if a firm distinction is drawn between methodology and technique, the latter is no substitute for the former.
Abstract: “To have mastered ‘theory’ and ‘method’ is to have become a conscious thinker, a man at work and aware of the assumptions and implications of whatever he is about. To be mastered by ‘method’ or ‘theory’ is simply to be kept from working.” The sentence applies nicely to the present plight of political science. The profession as a whole oscillates between two unsound extremes. At the one end a large majority of political scientists qualify as pure and simple unconscious thinkers. At the other end a sophisticated minority qualify as overconscious thinkers, in the sense that their standards of method and theory are drawn from the physical, “paradigmatic” sciences. The wide gap between the unconscious and the overconscious thinker is concealed by the growing sophistication of statistical and research techniques. Most of the literature introduced by the title “Methods” (in the social, behavioral or political sciences) actually deals with survey techniques and social statistics, and has little if anything to share with the crucial concern of “methodology,” which is a concern with the logical structure and procedure of scientific enquiry. In a very crucial sense there is no methodology without logos, without thinking about thinking. And if a firm distinction is drawn—as it should be—between methodology and technique, the latter is no substitute for the former. One may be a wonderful researcher and manipulator of data, and yet remain an unconscious thinker.
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01 Jan 1889
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