On the Military Utility of Spectral Design in Signature Management : a Systems Approach

On the Theory of Scales of Measurement

Abstract: The current issues will remain at 32 pages until we are assured of a more adequate supply ofpaper. Bacto-Agar is a purified Agar prepared from domestic material. In the manufacture of Bacto-Agar extraneous matter, pigmented portions, and salts are reduced to a minimum, so that the finished product in the form of fine granules will dissolve rapidly, giving clear solutions. Bacto-Asparagine Bacto-Asparagine is a purified amino acid widely used in synthetic culture media and in the preparation of tuberculin.

Exposition of a new theory on the measurement of risk

Abstract: EVER SINCE mathematicians first began to study the measurement of risk there has been general agreement on the following proposition: Expected values are computed by multiplying each possible gain by the number of ways in which it can occur, and then dividing the sum of these products by the total number of possible cases where, in this theory, the consideration of cases which are all of the same probability is insisted upon. If this rule be accepted, what remains to be done within the framework of this theory amounts to the enumeration of all alternatives, their breakdown into equi-probable cases and, finally, their insertion into corresponding classifications…

Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics

Abstract: “To have mastered ‘theory’ and ‘method’ is to have become a conscious thinker, a man at work and aware of the assumptions and implications of whatever he is about. To be mastered by ‘method’ or ‘theory’ is simply to be kept from working.” The sentence applies nicely to the present plight of political science. The profession as a whole oscillates between two unsound extremes. At the one end a large majority of political scientists qualify as pure and simple unconscious thinkers. At the other end a sophisticated minority qualify as overconscious thinkers, in the sense that their standards of method and theory are drawn from the physical, “paradigmatic” sciences. The wide gap between the unconscious and the overconscious thinker is concealed by the growing sophistication of statistical and research techniques. Most of the literature introduced by the title “Methods” (in the social, behavioral or political sciences) actually deals with survey techniques and social statistics, and has little if anything to share with the crucial concern of “methodology,” which is a concern with the logical structure and procedure of scientific enquiry. In a very crucial sense there is no methodology without logos, without thinking about thinking. And if a firm distinction is drawn—as it should be—between methodology and technique, the latter is no substitute for the former. One may be a wonderful researcher and manipulator of data, and yet remain an unconscious thinker.