One dimensional man
About: This article is published in Philosophical Books.The article was published on 1965-05-01. It has received 2842 citations till now.
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26 Nov 2007
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the Frankfurt School as an inaugurator of critical approaches to television studies and discuss how a wide range of theorists addressed what later became known as the politics of representation in critical television studies, engaging problematics of class, gender, race, sexuality, and other central components of media representation.
Abstract: Paul Lazarsfeld (1942), one of the originators of modern communications studies, distinguished between what he called a "administrative research," that deployed empirical research for the goals of corporate and state institutions, and " critical research, " that he associated with the Frankfurt School. Critical research situates the media within the broader context of social life and interrogates its structure, goals, values, messages, and effects. It develops critical perspectives by which media are evaluated and appraised. Since the 1940s, an impressive variety of critical approaches to the media and television have developed. In this study, I will first present the Frankfurt School as an inaugurator of critical approaches to television studies and will then discuss how a wide range of theorists addressed what later became known as the politics of representation in critical television studies, engaging problematics of class, gender, race, sexuality, and other central components of media representation and social life. Then, I discuss how a postmodern turn in cultural studies contested earlier critical models and provided alternative approaches to television studies. I conclude with some comments that argue for a critical approach to television and media culture and in this text sketch out a comprehensive critical model that embraces production and political economy of television; textual analysis; and investigation of the effects and uses of television by audiences. As this study will indicate, such a multidimensional approach to critical media and television studies is found initially in the Frankfurt School and was developed by many other television theorists in diverse locations and from often conflicting perspectives, ranging from British cultural studies to critical feminism. The Frankfurt School and the Culture Industries From the classical Frankfurt School perspective, commercial television is a form of what Horkheimer and Adorno and their colleagues called "culture industry." Moving from Nazi Germany to the United States, the Frankfurt School experienced at first hand the rise of a media culture involving film, popular music, radio, television, and other forms of mass culture. 1 In the United States, where they found themselves in exile, media production was by and large a form of commercial entertainment controlled by big corporations. Thus, the Frankfurt School coined the term "culture industries" to call attention to the industrialization and commercialization of culture under capitalist relations of production. This situation was most marked in the United States that had little state support of film or television industries. To a large extent, …
22 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, a research study of accountants and HR specialists focused on those situations and scenarios that the interviewees defined as causing them ethical concerns, and found that the singular categorisations of moral reasoning attributed to individuals when faced with hypothetical scenarios by many who write on the issue of Moral Reasoning did not correspond to the fluidity in moral choices faced by interviewees as they experienced their unfolding moral dilemmas.
Abstract: This paper draws upon a research study of accountants and HR specialists. The study eschewed hypothetical scenarios and focused upon those situations and scenarios that the interviewees defined as causing them ethical concerns. There are two distinct but related issues arising from the paper. The first is that the singular categorisations of moral reasoning attributed to individuals when faced with hypothetical scenarios by many who write on the issue of moral reasoning, did not correspond to the fluidity in moral choices faced by the interviewees as they experienced their unfolding moral dilemmas. The second issue relates to the unwillingness of the interviewees to give voice to their concerns, not only externally, but also within their employing organisations. The tensions within the two cases featured were held in check only by the diminution of the autonomy of the two principal actors. As a consequence, the exercise of moral agency was denied.
22 citations
Dissertation•
15 Dec 2017
TL;DR: Fahmidul Haq as mentioned in this paper argued that the discourse produced by the majority of TV channels in Bangladesh is highly market-oriented and is stereotypical rather than reflecting human complexity, and pointed out that such journalism downplays serious content in favor of frivolous, entertaining information and fails to live up to social obligations of disseminating public affairs information essential to democratization.
Abstract: ion, and is stereotypical rather than reflecting human complexity” (Curran, 2000, p. 128). Critics feel that such journalism downplays serious content in favor of frivolous, entertaining information and that it fails to live up to social obligations of disseminating public affairs information essential to democratization (as cited in Beam, 1998). In the context of Bangladesh, Salim Reza Newton (2003) first used the term market-oriented journalism [bazar-mukhi sangbadikota] in a critical political economy analysis of print media. Following this, Haider (2007), and I (Rahman, 2007a, 2009) advanced the critical analyses of news production arguing that the discourse produced by the majority of TV channels in Bangladesh is highly market-oriented. Fahmidul Haq 98 Interview with Ebne Hasan Khan, Director, Sales & Marketing, Channel-i, 9 Dec 2013, Dhaka.
22 citations
Cites background from "One dimensional man"
...21 political economics also lies in the tension between the critiques of Frankfurt School theorists (i.e. Horkheimer & Adorno, 1972; Marcuse, 1964) and liberal pluralists (i....
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...Ralph Miliband (1969, pp. 219-246) argued that mass media in advanced societies mainly 21 political economics also lies in the tension between the critiques of Frankfurt School theorists (i.e. Horkheimer & Adorno, 1972; Marcuse, 1964) and liberal pluralists (i.e. Hayek, 1994/1944; Shils, 1962)....
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22 citations
TL;DR: The primary theoretical research perspectives that have informed the field of mass communication over the past 70 years are examined with regard to what each perspective has explicitly stated or implied about whether audiences and audience members are active or passive.
Abstract: The primary theoretical research perspectives that have informed the field of mass communication over the past 70 years are examined with regard to what each perspective has explicitly stated or implied about whether audiences and audience members are active or passive. We see these audience conceptualizations as central to longstanding debates on the power of the media. The article describes each perspective, offers an historical, intellectual genealogy, and attempts to categorize each, in terms of its views on audience activity and passivity. The authors suggest that the interaction of opposing philosophical and methodological traditions can give rise to integration and synthesis that will be productive in future theorizing and research on audiences and the many issues raised by the debate over activity and passivity.
22 citations
Cites background from "One dimensional man"
...Marshall McLuhan (1964) continued Innis’ evolutionary view of communication, bridging from the mechanical age to the electronic age, asserting “The mark of our time is its revulsion against imposed patterns” (p....
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...Frankfurt scholar Leo Lowenthal (1961) examined how a passive audience was manipulated by the establishment to adhere to capitalistic goals and ideas through popular culture texts, and Herbert Marcuse (1964) solidifies the Frankfurt view of the passive audience by reasoning that the “unification of opposites” in society makes it implausible to rebel against it....
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...…how a passive audience was manipulated by the establishment to adhere to capitalistic goals and ideas through popular culture texts, and Herbert Marcuse (1964) solidifies the Frankfurt view of the passive audience by reasoning that the “unification of opposites” in society makes it implausible…...
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined accounts of travelers in terms of Erving Goffman's front versus back distinction and found that tourists try to enter back regions of the places they visit because these regions are associated with intimacy of relations and authenticity of experiences.
Abstract: The problem of false consciousness and its relationship to the social structure of tourist establishments is analyzed. Accounts of travelers are examined in terms of Erving Goffman's front versus back distinction. It is found that tourists try to enter back regions of the places they visit because these regions are associated with intimacy of relations and authenticity of experiences. It is also found that tourist settings are arrenged to produce the impression that a back region has been entered even when this is not the case. In tourist settings, between the front and the back there is a series of special spaces designed to accommodate tourists and to support their beliefs in the authenticity of their experiences. Goffman's front-back dichotomy is shown to be ideal poles of a continuum, or a variable.
2,627 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: Casey as discussed by the authors explored the effects of contemporary practices of work on the self and found that changes currently occuring in the world of work are part of the vast social and cultural changes that are challenging the meta trends of modern industrialism.
Abstract: Despite recent interest in the effects of restructuring and redesigning the work place, the link between individual identity and structural change has usually been asserted rather than demonstrated. Through an extensive review of data from field work in a multi-national corporation Catherine Casey changes this. She knows that changes currently occuring in the world of work are part of the vast social and cultural changes that are challenging the meta trends of modern industrialism. These events affect what people do everyday, and they are altering relations among ourselves and with the physical world. This valuable book is not only a critical analysis of the transformations occurring in the world of work, but an exploration of the effects of contemporary practices of work on the self.
540 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors interpret critical urban theory with reference to four mutually interconnected elements: its theoretical character; its reflexivity; its critique of instrumental reason; and its emphasis on the disjuncture between the actual and the possible.
Abstract: What is critical urban theory? While this phrase is often used in a descriptive sense, to characterize the tradition of post‐1968 leftist or radical urban studies, I argue that it also has determinate social–theoretical content. To this end, building on the work of several Frankfurt School social philosophers, this paper interprets critical theory with reference to four, mutually interconnected elements—its theoretical character; its reflexivity; its critique of instrumental reason; and its emphasis on the disjuncture between the actual and the possible. On this basis, a brief concluding section considers the status of urban questions within critical social theory. In the early 21st century, I argue, each of the four key elements within critical social theory requires sustained engagement with contemporary patterns of capitalist urbanization. Under conditions of increasingly generalized, worldwide urbanization, the project of critical social theory and that of critical urban theory have been intertwined a...
356 citations
TL;DR: The authors provide an overview of the key images of identity in organizations found in the research literature, including self-doubters, strugglers, surfers, storytellers, strategists, stencils and soldiers.
Abstract: This article provides an overview of the key images of identity in organizations found in the research literature. Image refers to the overall idea or conceptualization, capturing how researchers relate to — and shape — a phenomenon. Seven images are suggested: self-doubters, strugglers, surfers, storytellers, strategists, stencils and soldiers. These refer to how the individual is metaphorically understood in terms of identity, that is, how the researcher (research text) captures the individual producing a sense of self. The article aims to facilitate orientation — or encourage productive confusion — within the field, encourage reflexivity and sharpen analytic choices through awareness of options for how to conceptualize self-identity constructions.
289 citations