One dimensional man
About: This article is published in Philosophical Books.The article was published on 1965-05-01. It has received 2842 citations till now.
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TL;DR: The demarcation of science from other intellectual activities is an analytic problem for philosophers and sociologists and is examined as a practical problem for scientists in this article, where a set of characteristics available for ideological attribution to science reflect ambivalences or strains within the institution: science can be made to look empirical or theoretical, pure or applied.
Abstract: The demarcation of science from other intellectual activities-long an analytic problem for philosophers and sociologists-is here examined as a practical problem for scientists. Construction of a boundary between science and varieties of non-science is useful for scientists' pursuit of professional goals: acquisition of intellectual authority and career opportunities; denial of these resources to "pseudoscientists"; and protection of the autonomy of scientific research from political interference. "Boundary-work" describes an ideological style found in scientists' attempts to create a public image for science by contrasting it favorably to non-scientific intellectual or technical activities. Alternative sets of characteristics available for ideological attribution to science reflect ambivalences or strains within the institution: science can be made to look empirical or theoretical, pure or applied. However, selection of one or another description depends on which characteristics best achieve the demarcation in a way that justifies scientists' claims to authority or resources. Thus, "science" is no single thing: its boundaries are drawn and redrawn inflexible, historically changing and sometimes ambiguous ways.
3,402 citations
Cites background from "One dimensional man"
...Still others define science as an ideology itself (Marcuse, 1964); for Habermas (1970:115) the form of scientific knowledge embodies its own values of prediction and control, and thus may substitute for "the demolished bourgeois ideology" in legitimating structures of domination and repression....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the corporate social reporting literature, its major theoretical preoccupations and empirical conclusions, attempts to re-examine the theoretical tensions that exist between “classical” political economy interpretations of social disclosure and those from more “bourgeois” perspectives.
Abstract: Takes as its departure point the criticism of Guthrie and Parker by Arnold and the Tinker et al. critique of Gray et al. Following an extensive review of the corporate social reporting literature, its major theoretical preoccupations and empirical conclusions, attempts to re‐examine the theoretical tensions that exist between “classical” political economy interpretations of social disclosure and those from more “bourgeois” perspectives. Argues that political economy, legitimacy theory and stakeholder theory need not be competitor theories but may, if analysed appropriately, be seen as alternative and mutually enriching theories from alternative levels of resolution. Offers evidence from 13 years of social disclosure by UK companies and attempts to interpret this from different levels of resolution. There is little doubt that social disclosure practice has changed dramatically in the period. The theoretical perspectives prove to offer different, but mutually enhancing, interpretations of these phenomena.
2,923 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined accounts of travelers in terms of Erving Goffman's front versus back distinction and found that tourists try to enter back regions of the places they visit because these regions are associated with intimacy of relations and authenticity of experiences.
Abstract: The problem of false consciousness and its relationship to the social structure of tourist establishments is analyzed. Accounts of travelers are examined in terms of Erving Goffman's front versus back distinction. It is found that tourists try to enter back regions of the places they visit because these regions are associated with intimacy of relations and authenticity of experiences. It is also found that tourist settings are arrenged to produce the impression that a back region has been entered even when this is not the case. In tourist settings, between the front and the back there is a series of special spaces designed to accommodate tourists and to support their beliefs in the authenticity of their experiences. Goffman's front-back dichotomy is shown to be ideal poles of a continuum, or a variable.
2,627 citations
Cites background from "One dimensional man"
...David Riesman's "other directed" (1950) and Herbert Marcuse's "one-dimensional" men (1964) are products of a traditional intellectual concern for the superficiality of knowledge in mass industrial society, but the tourist setting per se is just beginning to prompt intellectual commentary....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors trace the rise of the modern cultural engineering paradigm of branding, premised upon a consumer culture that granted marketers cultural authority, and describe the current post-postmodern consumer culture, which is premised on the pursuit of personal sovereignty through brands.
Abstract: Brands are today under attack by an emerging countercultural movement. This study builds a dialectical theory of consumer culture and branding that explains the rise of this movement and its potential effects. Results of an interpretive study challenge existing theories of consumer resistance. To develop an alternative model, I first trace the rise of the modern cultural engineering paradigm of branding, premised upon a consumer culture that granted marketers cultural authority. Intrinsic contradictions erased its efficacy. Next I describe the current postmodern consumer culture, which is premised upon the pursuit of personal sovereignty through brands. I detail five postmodern branding techniques that are premised upon the principle that brands are authentic cultural resources. Postmodern branding is now giving rise to new contradictions that have inflamed the antibranding sentiment sweeping Western countries. I detail these contradictions and project that they will give rise to a new post-postmodern branding paradigm premised upon brands as citizen-artists.
1,797 citations
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29 Jul 1983TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a list of states that are essentially by-products of rationality, bias, and ideology, including sour grapes, as well as byproducts of belief, bias and ideology.
Abstract: Preface and acknowledgements 1. Rationality 2. States that are essentially by-products 3. Sour grapes 4. Belief, bias and ideology References Index.
1,221 citations
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24 Apr 2008
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01 Jan 2000
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17 Jun 2020
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors deal with the importance of teaching of social sciences (social philosophy, sociology, political science, ethics, etc.), their role in the formation of not only a highly qualified specialist who meets the requirements of modern civilization with its new technologies, but also the reproduction of a personality of moral and spiritual potential.
Abstract: The paper is dealt with the analysis of the importance of teaching of social sciences (social philosophy, sociology, political science, ethics, etc.), their role in the formation of not only a highly qualified specialist who meets the requirements of modern civilization with its new technologies, but also the reproduction of a personality of moral and spiritual potential. Modern civilization is facing with new challenges on a global scale that were previously unknown the global environmental crisis, climate change, global social problems-poverty, terrorism, etc. Teaching in higher education should be based on the synergistic approach, focusing on the means of ensuring of students’ self-education, self-reflection, and their desire for continuous self-improvement in order to adequately respond to the challenges of modern civilization. This is possible within the framework of subject-subject relations, in which the teacher provokes interest not only in the knowledge of the surrounding social world, but also in self-reflection. The ethical understanding of knowledge, focused on the knowledge of the external world, is constructed. The synergetic approach includes subject-subject relations which are the process of co-creation of the teacher and the student. And in this case, a large place belongs to the social sciences. The paper reflects the authors' long-term experience in teaching social sciences at the University and the role of these sciences in shaping of the student's personality.
2 citations
TL;DR: Critical theory makes knowledge claims, sometimes rather extraordinary things, which purport to be either true or false as mentioned in this paper, and it is perfectly in place to ask under what conditions would its claims be falsified or at least infirmed, and under which conditions would they be verified or even partially confirmed.
Abstract: Critical theory makes knowledge claims. It says things, sometimes rather extraordinary things, which purport to be either true or false. Thus it is perfectly in place to ask under what conditions would its claims be falsified or at least infirmed and under what conditions would they be verified or at least partially confirmed. In what ways are its claims testable? (Central claims like that are very unlikely to have a decisive falsification or verifica? tion: a decisive test. But that is true of a lot of science. We typically have to do with a weaker evidential support.) Of course, for many of the claims of critical theory there is no simple confirmation or disconfirmation as there is for "The cat is in the tree" or "The goose is in the oven", for critical theory a complicated conceptual structure. Raymond Geuss, in his The Idea of a Critical Theory, sets out this structure perspicuously and in a way that makes us see how difficult the task of confirmation and disconfirmation is.
2 citations