One dimensional man
About: This article is published in Philosophical Books.The article was published on 1965-05-01. It has received 2842 citations till now.
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TL;DR: The demarcation of science from other intellectual activities is an analytic problem for philosophers and sociologists and is examined as a practical problem for scientists in this article, where a set of characteristics available for ideological attribution to science reflect ambivalences or strains within the institution: science can be made to look empirical or theoretical, pure or applied.
Abstract: The demarcation of science from other intellectual activities-long an analytic problem for philosophers and sociologists-is here examined as a practical problem for scientists. Construction of a boundary between science and varieties of non-science is useful for scientists' pursuit of professional goals: acquisition of intellectual authority and career opportunities; denial of these resources to "pseudoscientists"; and protection of the autonomy of scientific research from political interference. "Boundary-work" describes an ideological style found in scientists' attempts to create a public image for science by contrasting it favorably to non-scientific intellectual or technical activities. Alternative sets of characteristics available for ideological attribution to science reflect ambivalences or strains within the institution: science can be made to look empirical or theoretical, pure or applied. However, selection of one or another description depends on which characteristics best achieve the demarcation in a way that justifies scientists' claims to authority or resources. Thus, "science" is no single thing: its boundaries are drawn and redrawn inflexible, historically changing and sometimes ambiguous ways.
3,402 citations
Cites background from "One dimensional man"
...Still others define science as an ideology itself (Marcuse, 1964); for Habermas (1970:115) the form of scientific knowledge embodies its own values of prediction and control, and thus may substitute for "the demolished bourgeois ideology" in legitimating structures of domination and repression....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the corporate social reporting literature, its major theoretical preoccupations and empirical conclusions, attempts to re-examine the theoretical tensions that exist between “classical” political economy interpretations of social disclosure and those from more “bourgeois” perspectives.
Abstract: Takes as its departure point the criticism of Guthrie and Parker by Arnold and the Tinker et al. critique of Gray et al. Following an extensive review of the corporate social reporting literature, its major theoretical preoccupations and empirical conclusions, attempts to re‐examine the theoretical tensions that exist between “classical” political economy interpretations of social disclosure and those from more “bourgeois” perspectives. Argues that political economy, legitimacy theory and stakeholder theory need not be competitor theories but may, if analysed appropriately, be seen as alternative and mutually enriching theories from alternative levels of resolution. Offers evidence from 13 years of social disclosure by UK companies and attempts to interpret this from different levels of resolution. There is little doubt that social disclosure practice has changed dramatically in the period. The theoretical perspectives prove to offer different, but mutually enhancing, interpretations of these phenomena.
2,923 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined accounts of travelers in terms of Erving Goffman's front versus back distinction and found that tourists try to enter back regions of the places they visit because these regions are associated with intimacy of relations and authenticity of experiences.
Abstract: The problem of false consciousness and its relationship to the social structure of tourist establishments is analyzed. Accounts of travelers are examined in terms of Erving Goffman's front versus back distinction. It is found that tourists try to enter back regions of the places they visit because these regions are associated with intimacy of relations and authenticity of experiences. It is also found that tourist settings are arrenged to produce the impression that a back region has been entered even when this is not the case. In tourist settings, between the front and the back there is a series of special spaces designed to accommodate tourists and to support their beliefs in the authenticity of their experiences. Goffman's front-back dichotomy is shown to be ideal poles of a continuum, or a variable.
2,627 citations
Cites background from "One dimensional man"
...David Riesman's "other directed" (1950) and Herbert Marcuse's "one-dimensional" men (1964) are products of a traditional intellectual concern for the superficiality of knowledge in mass industrial society, but the tourist setting per se is just beginning to prompt intellectual commentary....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors trace the rise of the modern cultural engineering paradigm of branding, premised upon a consumer culture that granted marketers cultural authority, and describe the current post-postmodern consumer culture, which is premised on the pursuit of personal sovereignty through brands.
Abstract: Brands are today under attack by an emerging countercultural movement. This study builds a dialectical theory of consumer culture and branding that explains the rise of this movement and its potential effects. Results of an interpretive study challenge existing theories of consumer resistance. To develop an alternative model, I first trace the rise of the modern cultural engineering paradigm of branding, premised upon a consumer culture that granted marketers cultural authority. Intrinsic contradictions erased its efficacy. Next I describe the current postmodern consumer culture, which is premised upon the pursuit of personal sovereignty through brands. I detail five postmodern branding techniques that are premised upon the principle that brands are authentic cultural resources. Postmodern branding is now giving rise to new contradictions that have inflamed the antibranding sentiment sweeping Western countries. I detail these contradictions and project that they will give rise to a new post-postmodern branding paradigm premised upon brands as citizen-artists.
1,797 citations
Book•
29 Jul 1983TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a list of states that are essentially by-products of rationality, bias, and ideology, including sour grapes, as well as byproducts of belief, bias and ideology.
Abstract: Preface and acknowledgements 1. Rationality 2. States that are essentially by-products 3. Sour grapes 4. Belief, bias and ideology References Index.
1,221 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the neoliberal politics of knowledge and the soft normative regime that steers and directs the material condition of existence of educational research, starting from the 1990s.
Abstract: The paper critically discusses the neoliberal politics of knowledge and the soft normative regime that steers and directs the material condition of existence of educational research, starting from ...
1 citations
26 May 2020
TL;DR: In this paper, a critique of a certain development in political discourses on progress, namely the "decoupling" of notions of moral from notions of technological progress, is offered.
Abstract: Abstract This text offers a critique of a certain development in political discourses on progress, namely the “decoupling” of notions of moral from notions of technological progress. This decoupling yields fatal social, economic and ecologic consequences in practice that ultimately amount to a virtual perversion of progress. The second part of the paper reflects upon the psychosocial drivers of this dynamic. I venture that the only motive that may explain why we reproduce this dynamic even as we increasingly suffer from its consequences is a compulsive avoidance of limitation, i.e. non-satisfaction of needs. Finally, I offer some tentative suggestions as to what a mature approach towards limitation would entail.
1 citations
TL;DR: Inventing the Internet serves as a short, crisp, and enlightening introduction to what is termed critical theories of technology (CTS), and argues that CTS differ from social studies of science and technology (STS) because it sees hegemonic forces express themselves through specific design strategies in opposition to subordinate groups that are more or less successful in influencing the future form of the artifacts with which they are engaged.
Abstract: Given the push in academia toward disciplinary specialization rather than interdisciplinarity, it can be difficult to find a common vocabulary or framework within which to discuss the many different forms of social and political agency that occur with the Internet. Drawing upon the work of Andrew Feenberg, (Re)Inventing the Internet serves as a short, crisp, and enlightening introduction to what is termed critical theories of technology (CTS). Feenberg argues that CTS differ from social studies of science and technology (STS) because it sees “technological worlds as terrains of struggle on which hegemonic forces express themselves through specific design strategies in opposition to subordinate groups that are more or less successful in influencing the future form of the artifacts with which they are engaged” (3–4). The politically conscious vocabulary that Feenberg has developed is most useful for those within the information sciences who seek orientation to critical thinking about technology. Consequently, the use of the phrase “hegemonic forces” immediately alerts the reader that the book’s perspective has a long pedigree, and while there is no detailed homage to the 19th and 20th centuries, including Gramsci (Jones 2006), the book’s radical intellectual orientation is clear because Feenberg was a student of Herbert Marcuse. Habermas, another product of the Frankfurt School, is also often invoked and other important names arise, including Lukacs, Bourdieu, Lyotard, and Mouffe. However, while providing an essentially fatalistic view of technology this book does not entirely despair. What Feenberg and others do in this book is argue that the capacity to manipulate and move outside the controls of the technology is possible, particularly because of the inbuilt anarchy of the technology itself. The Internet, as a post-modern phenomenon, is “radically incomplete” (vii) because of its interpretive flexibility, and thus there is much more capacity to engage in resistance, though not at all times or in all places. In chapter 2, Sarah Grimes and Feenberg take on a critical theory of digital gaming, drawing on ludification theory. The commodification of games is an increasingly important feature of industrialized life, whether in the professionalization of sports, or online activity, or even work itself. As I was finishing this review, I received an e-mail concerning the application of “gamification” (sic) to retirement planning. Thus, the commodification and monetization of online games (virtual exchange and creation, virtual currencies, and so on) collapses the distinction between work and leisure, while games such as World of Warcraft, like many fetishized objects, still play (!) with illusions of real freedom. As Grimes and Feenberg note, “Gameplay is thus reducible to a series of variables, selections drawn from an immense but nonetheless finite number of possible options, expressed in the rudimentary language of computer code” (35). Marcuse’s fear of benign incorporation and domination by larger forces of capital or state control continues in this sphere that has massive global influence (Marcuse 1968). In chapter 3, Edward Hamilton and Feenberg take on the question of educational technology as a fait accompli in universities through an investigation of the rise of technological determinism as a response to budgetary cuts and a desire to expand the educational market as an industrial process. Computer-aided instruction (CAI) was not a result of programming code, but rather contingent upon the pedagogical and administrative decisions in the industrialized university. The role of the teacher has been cut out in favor of that of the technical expert, raising fears going back to Plato in the Phaedrus. The pedagogical
1 citations
28 Jul 2020
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the role of the Internet in the development of the Turkish economy and its role in the creation of the modern Turkish culture, including the use of mobile phones and tablets.
Abstract: Modernitenin yeni bir gorunumu olarak degerlendirilen kuresellesme, toplumsal hayatin butun alanlarini standartlastiran bir fonksiyonu da yerine getirmektedir. Kuresellesmenin standartlasmaya zorladigi son alan ise kulturdur. Kuresel duzeyde toplumsal degisim ortaminin hazirlanmasini saglayan dijital cagin nimetleri, kulturel kuresellesmenin lokomotifini olusturmaktadir. Dijital yasamin ayrilmaz parcalari bilgisayar, akilli telefon ve tablet gibi ileri teknoloji kullanan cihazlar internet alt yapisiyla birleserek kulturler arasinda geciskenligi saglayan kulturel ag toplumunu insa etmektedir. Ag toplumu ise elektronik iletisim hatlariyla tasinir hale getirdigi kulturu tarihten ve cografyadan soyutlayarak yakindan etkilemektedir. Twitter, Facebook, Youtube gibi sosyal medya uygulamalari, medyanin kuresel agina eklenerek bu dinamigi gelistirmeye devam etmektedir. Yayginlasan kitle iletisim araclari ve sosyal medya uygulamalari, kuresel kulturel akisin ve Bati tipi kulturel degisimin tasiyicilaridir. Dunyanin farkli bolgelerinde ozgun formlar gelistiren kulturleri etkilesime acik hale getiren kuresellesme sureci, toplumlarin dis kaynaklardan farkli formlari kabul etmesini ve icsellestirmesini saglamaktadir. Gorunurde butun kulturlerin yasam tarzlarini ve toplumsal pratiklerini ic ice geciren bir benzesme sureci yasanmaktadir. Ancak ekonomik ve teknolojik gelismeler farkli ve ozgun kulturlerin gelisimini zorlastirirken, bir merkezden yonlendirilen kulturun yayilmasini kolaylastirmaktadir. Kitle iletisim araclarinin daha cok butunlestirici surecleri hizlandirmakta rol aldigi kulturel kuresellesmenin homojenlesme, kutuplasma ve hibritlesme etkileri bu makalenin konusunu olusturmaktadir. Calisma, dijital iletisim caginin yerel kulturlerle etkilesimini ve kulturel kuresellesmeyi medya baglaminda tartismaya acmaktadir.
1 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze the one-dimensional parties, meaning the parties without a specific weltanschauung that try only to gain public offices with a nationalistic-populistic propaganda.
Abstract: The European Union (EU) is confronted nowadays with both economic, social and political challenges. The post crisis recovery has to deal also with the refugee crisis and the employment uncertainties. The political challenges are amplified by the growth of the nationalist parties that exploit the different social crisis the EU is facing only to increase their support in the national elections, without transmitting strong values. In this article through the critical theory I will analyze the one-dimensional parties, meaning the parties without a specific weltanschauung that tries only to gain public offices with a nationalistic-populistic propaganda. In the conclusions, I will try to offer some solutions to escape this political impasse.
1 citations