One dimensional man
About: This article is published in Philosophical Books.The article was published on 1965-05-01. It has received 2842 citations till now.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: The demarcation of science from other intellectual activities is an analytic problem for philosophers and sociologists and is examined as a practical problem for scientists in this article, where a set of characteristics available for ideological attribution to science reflect ambivalences or strains within the institution: science can be made to look empirical or theoretical, pure or applied.
Abstract: The demarcation of science from other intellectual activities-long an analytic problem for philosophers and sociologists-is here examined as a practical problem for scientists. Construction of a boundary between science and varieties of non-science is useful for scientists' pursuit of professional goals: acquisition of intellectual authority and career opportunities; denial of these resources to "pseudoscientists"; and protection of the autonomy of scientific research from political interference. "Boundary-work" describes an ideological style found in scientists' attempts to create a public image for science by contrasting it favorably to non-scientific intellectual or technical activities. Alternative sets of characteristics available for ideological attribution to science reflect ambivalences or strains within the institution: science can be made to look empirical or theoretical, pure or applied. However, selection of one or another description depends on which characteristics best achieve the demarcation in a way that justifies scientists' claims to authority or resources. Thus, "science" is no single thing: its boundaries are drawn and redrawn inflexible, historically changing and sometimes ambiguous ways.
3,402 citations
Cites background from "One dimensional man"
...Still others define science as an ideology itself (Marcuse, 1964); for Habermas (1970:115) the form of scientific knowledge embodies its own values of prediction and control, and thus may substitute for "the demolished bourgeois ideology" in legitimating structures of domination and repression....
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the corporate social reporting literature, its major theoretical preoccupations and empirical conclusions, attempts to re-examine the theoretical tensions that exist between “classical” political economy interpretations of social disclosure and those from more “bourgeois” perspectives.
Abstract: Takes as its departure point the criticism of Guthrie and Parker by Arnold and the Tinker et al. critique of Gray et al. Following an extensive review of the corporate social reporting literature, its major theoretical preoccupations and empirical conclusions, attempts to re‐examine the theoretical tensions that exist between “classical” political economy interpretations of social disclosure and those from more “bourgeois” perspectives. Argues that political economy, legitimacy theory and stakeholder theory need not be competitor theories but may, if analysed appropriately, be seen as alternative and mutually enriching theories from alternative levels of resolution. Offers evidence from 13 years of social disclosure by UK companies and attempts to interpret this from different levels of resolution. There is little doubt that social disclosure practice has changed dramatically in the period. The theoretical perspectives prove to offer different, but mutually enhancing, interpretations of these phenomena.
2,923 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined accounts of travelers in terms of Erving Goffman's front versus back distinction and found that tourists try to enter back regions of the places they visit because these regions are associated with intimacy of relations and authenticity of experiences.
Abstract: The problem of false consciousness and its relationship to the social structure of tourist establishments is analyzed. Accounts of travelers are examined in terms of Erving Goffman's front versus back distinction. It is found that tourists try to enter back regions of the places they visit because these regions are associated with intimacy of relations and authenticity of experiences. It is also found that tourist settings are arrenged to produce the impression that a back region has been entered even when this is not the case. In tourist settings, between the front and the back there is a series of special spaces designed to accommodate tourists and to support their beliefs in the authenticity of their experiences. Goffman's front-back dichotomy is shown to be ideal poles of a continuum, or a variable.
2,627 citations
Cites background from "One dimensional man"
...David Riesman's "other directed" (1950) and Herbert Marcuse's "one-dimensional" men (1964) are products of a traditional intellectual concern for the superficiality of knowledge in mass industrial society, but the tourist setting per se is just beginning to prompt intellectual commentary....
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors trace the rise of the modern cultural engineering paradigm of branding, premised upon a consumer culture that granted marketers cultural authority, and describe the current post-postmodern consumer culture, which is premised on the pursuit of personal sovereignty through brands.
Abstract: Brands are today under attack by an emerging countercultural movement. This study builds a dialectical theory of consumer culture and branding that explains the rise of this movement and its potential effects. Results of an interpretive study challenge existing theories of consumer resistance. To develop an alternative model, I first trace the rise of the modern cultural engineering paradigm of branding, premised upon a consumer culture that granted marketers cultural authority. Intrinsic contradictions erased its efficacy. Next I describe the current postmodern consumer culture, which is premised upon the pursuit of personal sovereignty through brands. I detail five postmodern branding techniques that are premised upon the principle that brands are authentic cultural resources. Postmodern branding is now giving rise to new contradictions that have inflamed the antibranding sentiment sweeping Western countries. I detail these contradictions and project that they will give rise to a new post-postmodern branding paradigm premised upon brands as citizen-artists.
1,797 citations
Book•
29 Jul 1983TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a list of states that are essentially by-products of rationality, bias, and ideology, including sour grapes, as well as byproducts of belief, bias and ideology.
Abstract: Preface and acknowledgements 1. Rationality 2. States that are essentially by-products 3. Sour grapes 4. Belief, bias and ideology References Index.
1,221 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: The post-work thesis as discussed by the authors argues that society is moving into a condition in which the cybernation of labor dramatically reduces the working week and the concomitant notion of the work career, and one task of social theory is therefore the review of resource distribution, notably time allocation, in the light of the radically revised demand for labor.
Abstract: From the debate on the transformation of society, two theses have emerged which are of central relevance to social thought regarding leisure. First, the post work thesis argues that society is moving into a condition in which the cybernation of labor dramatically reduces the working week and the concomitant notion of the work career. One task of social theory is therefore the review of resource distribution, notably time allocation, in the light of the radically revised demand for labor. The second thesis is that the established institutions of politics, especially party politics, are of declining significance in everyday life and that they are being replaced by life politics, that is, a syncretic, non-party form of social and cultural orientation focusing on issues of lifestyle, environment, and globalization. This article shows the relevance of the life politics and post work arguments for understanding the future of leisure. It examines the concept of civil labor and points to tensions with traditional...
55 citations
01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: In this paper, acknowledgments viii, viii and viii are given for this paper. And acknowledgments v.iii and Viii viii vii viii
Abstract: iii Acknowledgments viii
52 citations
Book•
05 Dec 2019
51 citations
TL;DR: The authors investigates the place of postmodernism in sociology by making a distinction between its epistemological and empirical forms, and suggests that understanding post-modernism as a combination of these two moments can lead to a sociology whose epistemology modesty and empirical sensitivity encourage a deeper and broader approach to the contemporary social world.
Abstract: This article investigates the place of postmodernism in sociology today by making a distinction between its epistemological and empirical forms. During the 1980s and early 1990s, sociologists exposited, appropriated, and normalized an epistemological postmodernism that thematizes the tentative, reflective, and possibly shifting nature of knowledge. More recently, however, sociologists have recognized the potential of a postmodern theory that turns its attention to empirical concerns. Empirical postmodernists challenge classical modern concepts to develop research programs based on new concepts like time-space reorganization, risk society, consumer capitalism, and postmodern ethics. But they do so with an appreciation for the uncertainty of the social world, ourselves, our concepts, and our commitment to our concepts that results from the encounter with postmodern epistemology. Ultimately, this article suggests that understanding postmodernism as a combination of these two moments can lead to a sociology whose epistemological modesty and empirical sensitivity encourage a deeper and broader approach to the contemporary social world.
51 citations
Dissertation•
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the factors which influence performance measurement systems within the context of a highly uncertain and rapidly changing environment via the application of the Balanced Scorecard framework, which is a strategic management system and its four pillars of measurement are influenced by the vision and strategy adopted by the specific organisation.
Abstract: Performance measurement is critical to achieving a firm's objectives, translating strategy into action and monitoring progress. Selection of a performance measurement system involves a complex interplay between strategy, a firm's internal and external environment and determination of the relative importance of various measures of performance.
This dissertation examined the factors which influence performance measurement systems within the context of a highly uncertain and rapidly changing environment via the application of the Balanced Scorecard framework. This framework is a strategic management system and its four pillars of measurement - financial, customers, learning and growth, and internal business process - are influenced by the vision and strategy adopted by the specific organisation.
Through a series of qualitative and quantitative studies in the Thai banking industry post the 1997 Asian financial crisis, this dissertation shows that institutional forces play a pivotal role in the choice of performance measurement systems, irrespective of strategic orientation and/or firm ownership.
Specifically, three studies are presented to support this argument. The first study uses the Miles and Snow (1978) typology to identify the strategic orientation of the Thai banks in order to make some predictions about the type and number of performance measures utilised by these banks. Results from this study show that bank managers identified their banks' strategy as prospector, defender or analyser irrespective of firm ownership. This outcome drives the focus of study two.
Study two is a two-part approach examining the forces which have influenced performance measurement in Thailand's banks via both in-depth interviews conducted with 24 branch managers and the administration of a survey to 60 branch managers. Results from both studies suggest that coercive and mimetic forces play a pivotal role in the choice of performance measures. In particular, the study demonstrates that coercive forces at play within the industry put pressure on the banks to focus on financial measures, despite the increased awareness that to remain competitive both types of performance measures are needed.
The final study examines whether the focus on financial indicators has impacted upon the non-financial measure of customer satisfaction for the banks, particularly as the Balanced Scorecard approach suggests utilising multidimensional performance measures to achieve the best performance outcome for the firm. Results from this study suggest that most customers are not satisfied with firm performance and concludes that there is a need, irrespective of social network forces to focus on both financial and non-financial performance indicators.
These outcomes have both theoretical and practical implications. From a theoretical point of view, this thesis posits that coercive, mimetic and normative forces need to be included in frameworks such as the Balanced Scorecard, if the true picture of what factors influence performance management and measurement are to be understood. From a practical perspective, the thesis provides evidence to managers of the need to examine performance measurement from a variety of perspectives in order to meet the needs of all stakeholders.
50 citations