One dimensional man
About: This article is published in Philosophical Books.The article was published on 1965-05-01. It has received 2842 citations till now.
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TL;DR: The demarcation of science from other intellectual activities is an analytic problem for philosophers and sociologists and is examined as a practical problem for scientists in this article, where a set of characteristics available for ideological attribution to science reflect ambivalences or strains within the institution: science can be made to look empirical or theoretical, pure or applied.
Abstract: The demarcation of science from other intellectual activities-long an analytic problem for philosophers and sociologists-is here examined as a practical problem for scientists. Construction of a boundary between science and varieties of non-science is useful for scientists' pursuit of professional goals: acquisition of intellectual authority and career opportunities; denial of these resources to "pseudoscientists"; and protection of the autonomy of scientific research from political interference. "Boundary-work" describes an ideological style found in scientists' attempts to create a public image for science by contrasting it favorably to non-scientific intellectual or technical activities. Alternative sets of characteristics available for ideological attribution to science reflect ambivalences or strains within the institution: science can be made to look empirical or theoretical, pure or applied. However, selection of one or another description depends on which characteristics best achieve the demarcation in a way that justifies scientists' claims to authority or resources. Thus, "science" is no single thing: its boundaries are drawn and redrawn inflexible, historically changing and sometimes ambiguous ways.
3,402 citations
Cites background from "One dimensional man"
...Still others define science as an ideology itself (Marcuse, 1964); for Habermas (1970:115) the form of scientific knowledge embodies its own values of prediction and control, and thus may substitute for "the demolished bourgeois ideology" in legitimating structures of domination and repression....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the corporate social reporting literature, its major theoretical preoccupations and empirical conclusions, attempts to re-examine the theoretical tensions that exist between “classical” political economy interpretations of social disclosure and those from more “bourgeois” perspectives.
Abstract: Takes as its departure point the criticism of Guthrie and Parker by Arnold and the Tinker et al. critique of Gray et al. Following an extensive review of the corporate social reporting literature, its major theoretical preoccupations and empirical conclusions, attempts to re‐examine the theoretical tensions that exist between “classical” political economy interpretations of social disclosure and those from more “bourgeois” perspectives. Argues that political economy, legitimacy theory and stakeholder theory need not be competitor theories but may, if analysed appropriately, be seen as alternative and mutually enriching theories from alternative levels of resolution. Offers evidence from 13 years of social disclosure by UK companies and attempts to interpret this from different levels of resolution. There is little doubt that social disclosure practice has changed dramatically in the period. The theoretical perspectives prove to offer different, but mutually enhancing, interpretations of these phenomena.
2,923 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined accounts of travelers in terms of Erving Goffman's front versus back distinction and found that tourists try to enter back regions of the places they visit because these regions are associated with intimacy of relations and authenticity of experiences.
Abstract: The problem of false consciousness and its relationship to the social structure of tourist establishments is analyzed. Accounts of travelers are examined in terms of Erving Goffman's front versus back distinction. It is found that tourists try to enter back regions of the places they visit because these regions are associated with intimacy of relations and authenticity of experiences. It is also found that tourist settings are arrenged to produce the impression that a back region has been entered even when this is not the case. In tourist settings, between the front and the back there is a series of special spaces designed to accommodate tourists and to support their beliefs in the authenticity of their experiences. Goffman's front-back dichotomy is shown to be ideal poles of a continuum, or a variable.
2,627 citations
Cites background from "One dimensional man"
...David Riesman's "other directed" (1950) and Herbert Marcuse's "one-dimensional" men (1964) are products of a traditional intellectual concern for the superficiality of knowledge in mass industrial society, but the tourist setting per se is just beginning to prompt intellectual commentary....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors trace the rise of the modern cultural engineering paradigm of branding, premised upon a consumer culture that granted marketers cultural authority, and describe the current post-postmodern consumer culture, which is premised on the pursuit of personal sovereignty through brands.
Abstract: Brands are today under attack by an emerging countercultural movement. This study builds a dialectical theory of consumer culture and branding that explains the rise of this movement and its potential effects. Results of an interpretive study challenge existing theories of consumer resistance. To develop an alternative model, I first trace the rise of the modern cultural engineering paradigm of branding, premised upon a consumer culture that granted marketers cultural authority. Intrinsic contradictions erased its efficacy. Next I describe the current postmodern consumer culture, which is premised upon the pursuit of personal sovereignty through brands. I detail five postmodern branding techniques that are premised upon the principle that brands are authentic cultural resources. Postmodern branding is now giving rise to new contradictions that have inflamed the antibranding sentiment sweeping Western countries. I detail these contradictions and project that they will give rise to a new post-postmodern branding paradigm premised upon brands as citizen-artists.
1,797 citations
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29 Jul 1983TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a list of states that are essentially by-products of rationality, bias, and ideology, including sour grapes, as well as byproducts of belief, bias and ideology.
Abstract: Preface and acknowledgements 1. Rationality 2. States that are essentially by-products 3. Sour grapes 4. Belief, bias and ideology References Index.
1,221 citations
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TL;DR: The authors surveys critical discourse studies to the present and claims that, to avoid lapsing into comfortable orthodoxy in its mature phase, CDS needs to reassert its transformative radical teleology.
Abstract: This paper surveys critical discourse studies to the present and claims that, to avoid lapsing into comfortable orthodoxy in its mature phase, CDS needs to reassert its transformative radical teleology. The initial part of the paper reasserts the need for a strong social theory given the materialist and context-bound nature of discourse in daily activity. From this basis, the paper then characterizes the “new times” in which contemporary discourse occurs, and briefly surveys those issues typically analyzed, namely political economy, race and gender, and critical literacy. By considering people's ordinary lives, the paper then suggests that subject and agency, and calculative technologies of management deserve, and new modalities need, more research. Transdisciplinarity is encouraged, particularly with social psychology and critical management studies.
110 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: The Problem-in-Context framework as discussed by the authors is a conceptual framework for environmental science in The Netherlands, and it has been applied in a variety of fields. But it is not suitable for the field of computer science.
Abstract: Acknowledgements. 1: Introduction. Environmental science in The Netherlands and the position of this study. Theory and the aims of science. Problem-oriented environmental science. Aim, structure and overview of this study. Annex 1.I: Research subjects 1986, 1990. Annex 1.II: Empirical, normative, applied: A general image. 2: A Discipline for Interdisciplinarity. Introduction. Exploring the terminology. Mono-, multi- and interdisciplinarity at the studies level. A discipline for interdisciplinarity: what it is and how to make one. Interdisciplinarity at the theory level. Annex 2.I: Principles of curriculum design. 3: Problem-in-Context: A Conceptual Framework for Environmental Science. Sources and preview of Problem-in-Context. Flashes in the noosphere. An applied studies example. Range of application of the Problem-in-Context framework. Types of research in the Problem-in-Context framework. Values and normative contextualization. Social causes as reflected EMIC order (or: people-environment systems regained). Formalizing the social causes. Formalizing the environmental problem. Problem-in-Context summarized. Designing research. 4: Values, Functions, Sustainability. Introduction. Final variables, functions, quality: The basic relations. Final variables, functions, quality: Strengthening the system. Working in the structure: Parameter identification and aggregation. The world will speak through us when we let go of the metaphysical voice. Operationalizing for the intrinsic values of nature and people-nature relationships. Functions of the environment. Economic evaluation, I: Sustainability in the national accounts. Economic evalu tion, II: Sustainability and project appraisal. Annex 4.I: Sustainability as the foundational modelling variable. 5: Action-in-Context: Researching the Social Causes of Environmental Problems. Introduction. First principle: actors, viewed holistically. Guidance and field methods. The core: actions, actors, options, motivations. Going farther: the actors field. Goi the single-actor schema. Actor models. Round-up: policy options. 6: Participation in Environmental Management. Exploring the concept. Social depth of participation. Substantive depth of participation. The influence of the participants. Annex 6.I (with S.M. Zanen): Enhancing participation of local people - Some basic principles and an example from Burkina Faso. 7: Interpretative Directions in Environmental Science. Summary. Scientific storytelling. Exploring hermeneutic science. What is interpretable? Arranging the quantifying and qualifying worlds. The empirica status of 'deep' results. Why do it? Wilderness solitude and health of nature: Interpretation forractice. 8: Partnership with Nature: A Philosophy for Practice. Introduction. Four views of the relationship between Man and Nature. Views in Dutch mainstream culture. Partnership with nature in the words of others. Partnership, women, feminism. Partnership and faith. Partnership values and partnership ways.
110 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue for a shift from a universalistic and a-contextual notion of rationality to considering rationality as a system of reasoning arising from particular historical experiences and related to culture.
Abstract: Information systems research and practice have been developed under the combination of scientific and economic reasoning that forms the bedrock of western modernity. Alternative ways of perceiving the value of technical innovation, often manifested in the deployment of ICT in the social context of developing countries, are poorly understood and tend to be dismissed as ?irrational?. In this paper I review the literature that challenges the supremacy of the mutually dependent techno-scientific and economic rationalities of modernity and I argue for a shift from a universalistic and a-contextual notion of rationality to considering rationality as a system of reasoning arising from particular historical experiences and related to culture. Theoretical discussion on rationality draws from Weber?s analysis, critical theory, constructivist studies of science and technology, and writers on postmodernity. The manifestation and significance of alternative rationalities is demonstrated with two examples of systems implementation efforts, and the paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for professional practice.
107 citations
TL;DR: This paper argues that there has been a limited engagement with issues surrounding the politics of knowledge, and offers a series of concepts encouraging sensitivity to the relationship between knowledge, power, and interests.
Abstract: While there is an increasing recognition of the social character of knowledge in segments of the literature on knowledge management, this paper argues that there has been a limited engagement with issues surrounding the politics of knowledge. There is now a well-established critique of technically-led knowledge management practices in which knowledge is treated in passive, objectivised, and static terms. A key element of this critique concerns the limits of codification strategies directed at making tacit knowledge explicit. This is founded upon an interpretative conceptualisation of inter-subjective understanding as always provisional, incomplete, and embedded in contexts of social action. While sympathetic to this position, it is argued that there is more to considering knowledge practices than the problem of understanding. Shared understanding, where participants to an interaction achieve a satisfactory interpretation of their respective positions, in no way implies mutual agreement about the validity of these positions. Drawing on insights from Habermas about models of social action and knowledge-guiding interests, we offer a series of concepts encouraging sensitivity to the relationship between knowledge, power, and interests. Aspects of the argument are then illustrated with case examples drawn from research into organisational knowledge in companies producing and using complex products and systems.
101 citations
TL;DR: The business case for organizational democracy has recently emerged out of new wave management and is characterized by a communitarian challenge to the economic efficiency of hierarchical modes of organizational governance as mentioned in this paper, which presents democratization as a pragmatic remedial device to counter the symptoms of employee alienation and ameliorate the organizational problems associated with destabilized capitalism.
Abstract: Predominantly in the USA, the business case for organizational democracy has recently emerged out of new wave management and is characterized by a communitarian challenge to the economic efficiency of hierarchical modes of organizational governance. It presents democratization as a pragmatic remedial device to counter the symptoms of employee alienation and ameliorate the organizational problems associated with destabilized capitalism. This paper outlines the origins and nature of the business case for organizational democracy through a comparison with new wave management; uncovers its underlying rationale in terms of an array of constitutive assumptions that justify and differentiate its prescriptions for the workplace; and considers the implications of using a business case to legitimate the democratization of work organizations. It concludes by outlining the paradoxes inherent in the business case and suggests that, rather than appropriating the business case’s functionalist teleology, it is at the int...
100 citations