One dimensional man
About: This article is published in Philosophical Books.The article was published on 1965-05-01. It has received 2842 citations till now.
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TL;DR: The demarcation of science from other intellectual activities is an analytic problem for philosophers and sociologists and is examined as a practical problem for scientists in this article, where a set of characteristics available for ideological attribution to science reflect ambivalences or strains within the institution: science can be made to look empirical or theoretical, pure or applied.
Abstract: The demarcation of science from other intellectual activities-long an analytic problem for philosophers and sociologists-is here examined as a practical problem for scientists. Construction of a boundary between science and varieties of non-science is useful for scientists' pursuit of professional goals: acquisition of intellectual authority and career opportunities; denial of these resources to "pseudoscientists"; and protection of the autonomy of scientific research from political interference. "Boundary-work" describes an ideological style found in scientists' attempts to create a public image for science by contrasting it favorably to non-scientific intellectual or technical activities. Alternative sets of characteristics available for ideological attribution to science reflect ambivalences or strains within the institution: science can be made to look empirical or theoretical, pure or applied. However, selection of one or another description depends on which characteristics best achieve the demarcation in a way that justifies scientists' claims to authority or resources. Thus, "science" is no single thing: its boundaries are drawn and redrawn inflexible, historically changing and sometimes ambiguous ways.
3,402 citations
Cites background from "One dimensional man"
...Still others define science as an ideology itself (Marcuse, 1964); for Habermas (1970:115) the form of scientific knowledge embodies its own values of prediction and control, and thus may substitute for "the demolished bourgeois ideology" in legitimating structures of domination and repression....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the corporate social reporting literature, its major theoretical preoccupations and empirical conclusions, attempts to re-examine the theoretical tensions that exist between “classical” political economy interpretations of social disclosure and those from more “bourgeois” perspectives.
Abstract: Takes as its departure point the criticism of Guthrie and Parker by Arnold and the Tinker et al. critique of Gray et al. Following an extensive review of the corporate social reporting literature, its major theoretical preoccupations and empirical conclusions, attempts to re‐examine the theoretical tensions that exist between “classical” political economy interpretations of social disclosure and those from more “bourgeois” perspectives. Argues that political economy, legitimacy theory and stakeholder theory need not be competitor theories but may, if analysed appropriately, be seen as alternative and mutually enriching theories from alternative levels of resolution. Offers evidence from 13 years of social disclosure by UK companies and attempts to interpret this from different levels of resolution. There is little doubt that social disclosure practice has changed dramatically in the period. The theoretical perspectives prove to offer different, but mutually enhancing, interpretations of these phenomena.
2,923 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined accounts of travelers in terms of Erving Goffman's front versus back distinction and found that tourists try to enter back regions of the places they visit because these regions are associated with intimacy of relations and authenticity of experiences.
Abstract: The problem of false consciousness and its relationship to the social structure of tourist establishments is analyzed. Accounts of travelers are examined in terms of Erving Goffman's front versus back distinction. It is found that tourists try to enter back regions of the places they visit because these regions are associated with intimacy of relations and authenticity of experiences. It is also found that tourist settings are arrenged to produce the impression that a back region has been entered even when this is not the case. In tourist settings, between the front and the back there is a series of special spaces designed to accommodate tourists and to support their beliefs in the authenticity of their experiences. Goffman's front-back dichotomy is shown to be ideal poles of a continuum, or a variable.
2,627 citations
Cites background from "One dimensional man"
...David Riesman's "other directed" (1950) and Herbert Marcuse's "one-dimensional" men (1964) are products of a traditional intellectual concern for the superficiality of knowledge in mass industrial society, but the tourist setting per se is just beginning to prompt intellectual commentary....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors trace the rise of the modern cultural engineering paradigm of branding, premised upon a consumer culture that granted marketers cultural authority, and describe the current post-postmodern consumer culture, which is premised on the pursuit of personal sovereignty through brands.
Abstract: Brands are today under attack by an emerging countercultural movement. This study builds a dialectical theory of consumer culture and branding that explains the rise of this movement and its potential effects. Results of an interpretive study challenge existing theories of consumer resistance. To develop an alternative model, I first trace the rise of the modern cultural engineering paradigm of branding, premised upon a consumer culture that granted marketers cultural authority. Intrinsic contradictions erased its efficacy. Next I describe the current postmodern consumer culture, which is premised upon the pursuit of personal sovereignty through brands. I detail five postmodern branding techniques that are premised upon the principle that brands are authentic cultural resources. Postmodern branding is now giving rise to new contradictions that have inflamed the antibranding sentiment sweeping Western countries. I detail these contradictions and project that they will give rise to a new post-postmodern branding paradigm premised upon brands as citizen-artists.
1,797 citations
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29 Jul 1983TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a list of states that are essentially by-products of rationality, bias, and ideology, including sour grapes, as well as byproducts of belief, bias and ideology.
Abstract: Preface and acknowledgements 1. Rationality 2. States that are essentially by-products 3. Sour grapes 4. Belief, bias and ideology References Index.
1,221 citations
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05 Jul 2019
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the nature of consciousness in the multiverse according to Paul C. Mocombe's theory of phenomenological structuralism, and the author posits that God is a human metaphor for consciousness, an emergent fifth force of nature, emanating from a psychonic/panpsychic subatomic field of a superverse.
Abstract: This work explores the nature of God, i.e., consciousness, in the multiverse according to Paul C. Mocombe’s structuration’s theory of phenomenological structuralism. The author posits that God is not an omnipotent, omniscient, etc., Being that stands outside of spacetime to create the multiverse or manifest it out of its consciousness. Instead, God is a human metaphor for consciousness, an emergent fifth force of nature, emanating from a psychonic/ panpsychic subatomic field of a superverse, which constitutes the multiverse along with gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong and weak nuclear forces. God is the evolution of consciousness at the subatomic particle level, an emergent fifth force of nature, a psychonic/panpsychic subatomic field, which evolves via experience in the macro-world as embodied aggregated neuronal energy, with phenomenal properties, in microtubules of brains recycled/entangled/superimposed throughout the multiverse. In the human ethos, the psychonic/pan-psychic subatomic field that is consciousness becomes God, which is associated with attributes that we embody or must embody in order to organize and reproduce our being in material resource frameworks.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a political logic of public administration, called the logic of resolution, is proposed, which conditions how problems can be viewed and, consequently, limits available actions in public administration.
Abstract: Through a critical reading of Wilson’s 1887 article, I propose a political logic of public administration, what I call the logic of resolution. A central but neglected aspect of Wilson’s article is the focus and importance of closure and creation, both of which underscore how public administration emerged not only as an area of study, but also as a political project. I discuss three central considerations of the logic of resolution: problem framing, solutionism, and optics. This logic conditions how problems can be viewed and, consequently, limits available actions. By developing the logic of resolution, I make explicit the hegemonic discourse of public administration.
8 citations
01 Jan 2019
TL;DR: In this article, the authors highlight the Haitian people's contributions to epistemology, i.e., Haitian/Vilokan Idealism, Antidialectics, hermeneutical phenomenology, reciprocal justice, and phenomenological structuralism.
Abstract: Philosophically speaking, epistemology seeks to understand what we know (knowing that) and how we know it (knowing how). It is the theory of knowledge that not only investigates what we know and its limitations. But seeks to constitute methodologies upon which we can distinguish justified belief from opinion. Whereas early, non-Western, philosophical traditions suggested that there were a huge variety of epistemological methods, which suggested that there were several ways to obtain knowledge, the West sought the justification of one. Thus, the Western epistemological tradition was and has been built on the ever-increasing rationalization and critique of various proposed epistemological methods ranging from the school of Foundationalism, established by the Greeks and early Enlightenment scholars (Descartes, Spinoza, Kant, etc.), to Coherentism, Logical Positivism, and American pragmatism. The latter, America’s contribution to epistemological methodology. Western science (its division into quantitative and qualitative methodology), ultimately, is presented as the culmination of not only their epistemological project, but the universal basis by which humanity comes to know what it knows, how it knows it, and the basis upon which we can distinguish justified beliefs from opinion. My present work on Haitian epistemology does not fully undermine or seek to decenter the justified belief constituted by the epistemological methodology of science, but seeks to name and highlight the Haitian people’s contributions, i.e., Haitian/Vilokan Idealism, Antidialectics, hermeneutical phenomenology, reciprocal justice, and phenomenological structuralism, to that process: Antidialectics representing the process by which Haitians, historically, constitute their existence to establish balance and harmony between the phenomenal and Vilokanic (noumenal) worlds; reciprocal justice, the practical normative reason that would emerge out of Vodou metaphysics and Haitian/Vilokan Idealism; and phenomenological structuralism, the theory and method upon which they distinguish justified belief from opinion.
8 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that interactions between gay professors and their students illuminate an ambiguous affectionate relationship wherein the closeness was based just as much on different generational sensibilities as the individuals themselves.
Abstract: This article focuses on gay professor-student relationships in the United States, during and post gay liberation. Exploring personal writings, student periodicals, and academic documents between the late 1960s and the 1990s, I argue that interactions between gay professors and their students illuminate an ambiguous affectionate relationship wherein the closeness was based just as much on different generational sensibilities as the individuals themselves. Further, I show that these relationships suggest a therapeutic potential to education through the articulation of personal knowledge in the classroom, one that was increasingly open to challenge in the 1980s and 1990s.
8 citations
TL;DR: The authors argues that the cardinal principle of political value is individual freedom, and that this is most likely to be obtained through the tolerance of moral diversity, which is a common theme of criticism of liberalism.
Abstract: The aim of this essay, as the title adapted from Croce (1915) suggests, is to explore some of the chief defects and merits of the political philosophy of liberalism. More particularly, it undertakes the defense of what might be called a chastened liberalism, chastened by winnowing out some of the inessential accretions of a long and embattled doctrinal history. This amounts to a libertarian perspective that depends on only two essential ideas, complex though they are: that the cardinal principle of political value is individual freedom, and that this is most likely to be obtained through the tolerance of moral diversity. This is obviously nothing new. Nor is there anything novel about the observation that ever since the nineteenthcentury reaction to the French Revolution, criticism of liberalism has been frequent, voluminous, and sometimes cogent. Indeed, the critical assault of the nineteenth century was so vigorous that there is a tendency to overlook the fact that such criticism has obtained from the very beginning of the classical tradition of Anglo-American liberalism in seventeenth-century
8 citations