One dimensional man
About: This article is published in Philosophical Books.The article was published on 1965-05-01. It has received 2842 citations till now.
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TL;DR: The demarcation of science from other intellectual activities is an analytic problem for philosophers and sociologists and is examined as a practical problem for scientists in this article, where a set of characteristics available for ideological attribution to science reflect ambivalences or strains within the institution: science can be made to look empirical or theoretical, pure or applied.
Abstract: The demarcation of science from other intellectual activities-long an analytic problem for philosophers and sociologists-is here examined as a practical problem for scientists. Construction of a boundary between science and varieties of non-science is useful for scientists' pursuit of professional goals: acquisition of intellectual authority and career opportunities; denial of these resources to "pseudoscientists"; and protection of the autonomy of scientific research from political interference. "Boundary-work" describes an ideological style found in scientists' attempts to create a public image for science by contrasting it favorably to non-scientific intellectual or technical activities. Alternative sets of characteristics available for ideological attribution to science reflect ambivalences or strains within the institution: science can be made to look empirical or theoretical, pure or applied. However, selection of one or another description depends on which characteristics best achieve the demarcation in a way that justifies scientists' claims to authority or resources. Thus, "science" is no single thing: its boundaries are drawn and redrawn inflexible, historically changing and sometimes ambiguous ways.
3,402 citations
Cites background from "One dimensional man"
...Still others define science as an ideology itself (Marcuse, 1964); for Habermas (1970:115) the form of scientific knowledge embodies its own values of prediction and control, and thus may substitute for "the demolished bourgeois ideology" in legitimating structures of domination and repression....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the corporate social reporting literature, its major theoretical preoccupations and empirical conclusions, attempts to re-examine the theoretical tensions that exist between “classical” political economy interpretations of social disclosure and those from more “bourgeois” perspectives.
Abstract: Takes as its departure point the criticism of Guthrie and Parker by Arnold and the Tinker et al. critique of Gray et al. Following an extensive review of the corporate social reporting literature, its major theoretical preoccupations and empirical conclusions, attempts to re‐examine the theoretical tensions that exist between “classical” political economy interpretations of social disclosure and those from more “bourgeois” perspectives. Argues that political economy, legitimacy theory and stakeholder theory need not be competitor theories but may, if analysed appropriately, be seen as alternative and mutually enriching theories from alternative levels of resolution. Offers evidence from 13 years of social disclosure by UK companies and attempts to interpret this from different levels of resolution. There is little doubt that social disclosure practice has changed dramatically in the period. The theoretical perspectives prove to offer different, but mutually enhancing, interpretations of these phenomena.
2,923 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined accounts of travelers in terms of Erving Goffman's front versus back distinction and found that tourists try to enter back regions of the places they visit because these regions are associated with intimacy of relations and authenticity of experiences.
Abstract: The problem of false consciousness and its relationship to the social structure of tourist establishments is analyzed. Accounts of travelers are examined in terms of Erving Goffman's front versus back distinction. It is found that tourists try to enter back regions of the places they visit because these regions are associated with intimacy of relations and authenticity of experiences. It is also found that tourist settings are arrenged to produce the impression that a back region has been entered even when this is not the case. In tourist settings, between the front and the back there is a series of special spaces designed to accommodate tourists and to support their beliefs in the authenticity of their experiences. Goffman's front-back dichotomy is shown to be ideal poles of a continuum, or a variable.
2,627 citations
Cites background from "One dimensional man"
...David Riesman's "other directed" (1950) and Herbert Marcuse's "one-dimensional" men (1964) are products of a traditional intellectual concern for the superficiality of knowledge in mass industrial society, but the tourist setting per se is just beginning to prompt intellectual commentary....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors trace the rise of the modern cultural engineering paradigm of branding, premised upon a consumer culture that granted marketers cultural authority, and describe the current post-postmodern consumer culture, which is premised on the pursuit of personal sovereignty through brands.
Abstract: Brands are today under attack by an emerging countercultural movement. This study builds a dialectical theory of consumer culture and branding that explains the rise of this movement and its potential effects. Results of an interpretive study challenge existing theories of consumer resistance. To develop an alternative model, I first trace the rise of the modern cultural engineering paradigm of branding, premised upon a consumer culture that granted marketers cultural authority. Intrinsic contradictions erased its efficacy. Next I describe the current postmodern consumer culture, which is premised upon the pursuit of personal sovereignty through brands. I detail five postmodern branding techniques that are premised upon the principle that brands are authentic cultural resources. Postmodern branding is now giving rise to new contradictions that have inflamed the antibranding sentiment sweeping Western countries. I detail these contradictions and project that they will give rise to a new post-postmodern branding paradigm premised upon brands as citizen-artists.
1,797 citations
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29 Jul 1983TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a list of states that are essentially by-products of rationality, bias, and ideology, including sour grapes, as well as byproducts of belief, bias and ideology.
Abstract: Preface and acknowledgements 1. Rationality 2. States that are essentially by-products 3. Sour grapes 4. Belief, bias and ideology References Index.
1,221 citations
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TL;DR: For example, the authors pointed out that the role that the interjection of political interests via policy initiatives plays in the educational system and the way that related directives steer or "teach" teachers the "proper" ways to do their jobs.
Abstract: Marcuse (1991) asks “who educates the educators, and where is the proof that they are in possession of ‘the good?’” (p. 40). At first glance, attempts to respond to this question might lead to an analysis of the university system that trains teachers. However, Marcuse directs his gaze elsewhere. He recognizes the role that the interjection of political interests via policy initiatives plays in the educational system and the way that related directives steer or “teach” teachers the “proper” ways to do their jobs. Indeed, the current emphasis on curricular mandates and the related high stakes testing environments and accountability movements only scratch the surface when it comes to considering the inroads that political mandates have made in the administration of schooling. The critique offered by Marcuse (1991) points to the fact that educational pedagogies are impacted by power-based politics. Politics interjects itself into education through curricular projects that when followed, lead to the construction of the normalized standard or social ideal against which all individuals and institutions can be measured. This normativity is the curriculum of schools, yet its historical and political roots are often hidden. However, given the interest-oriented nature of politics, what assurances are there that such representations of normativity do not simply reflect desires to cement and even expand existing relations of power? Should powerful interest-based collectives, increasingly bound to their society-shaping political ideologies, ideologies which Habermas (2001) ties to “objectifying and manipulating understanding,” have influence over the very institutions tasked with socializing individuals (p. 143)? Can pedagogies rooted in power-based politics be trusted to mold minds and by extension, the shaping of society in general? That schools are viewed from the outside as needing to reflect a particular productive orientation is nothing new. One need only turn to the report A Nation at Risk (The National Commission of Excellence in Education, 1983) to see an example where the value of schooling is tied to producing specific types of citizens: in this case, to produce individuals who will return the United States to a position of “preeminence in commerce, industry, science, and technological innovation” that was seen as being overtaken
6 citations
TL;DR: The belief that consensus-based outcomes of decision-making spaces are the best way to achieve the ''right\" decision has made consensus a guiding myth in public administration as mentioned in this paper. But consensus processes conjure images of power relations and constrained discussion.
Abstract: The belief that consensus-based outcomes of decision-making spaces are the best way to achieve the \"right\" decision has made consensus a guiding myth in public administration. This is not always positive, as consensus processes conjure images of power relations and constrained discussion. This article analyzes the myth of consensus by combining two existing frameworks: Box's critical social change and Abel's decision heuristics. Together, these frameworks highlight a mechanism that focuses on deliberation, antagonism, and critical imagination instead of on elite decision-making. In combination they should lead to consensual outcomes, as the root of public administration is decision-making. If not, decision heuristics guide the process to start again.
6 citations
26 Feb 2021
TL;DR: The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on people living in conditions of extreme poverty and material deprivation has been examined in this paper, where the authors argue that Biko's humanist project of liberation offers important insights that can assist us in the normative quest for a society "with a more human face."
Abstract: The Covid-19 pandemic has presented serious questions;not only of a medical-scientific nature, but of a deeply philosophical nature as well. Often, when faced with the unknown-whether in the form of an environmental catastrophe or a general health threat-finding effective ways to overcome our fear of the unknown yields important clues regarding not only the nature of our self-understanding as human beings, but also our all-too-human perceptions of Other(s). While the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic has been especially harsh on people living in conditions of extreme poverty and material deprivation, our collective response has (predictably) proceeded from a position that privileges the interests and lifestyles of the rich, the well-resourced and the politically connected, in a manner that sadly confirms the biblical prophecy: the poor will always be among you. This essay seeks to examine the impact of Covid-19 in South Africa. Its analytic focus proceeds from the perspective of Steve Biko's conception of Black Consciousness philosophy. It seeks to argue that Biko's humanist project of liberation offers important insights that can assist us in the normative quest for a society "with a more human face."""
6 citations
TL;DR: The social economy is seen as an organic community that features a harmonious relationship of its various parts, with a general agreement on personal and social values, in which individual desires are modified by the need to meet the needs of others as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Every economist and economics graduate student, including the theorists, should read this fine book. It develops the basic themes of social economics: the goal should be an economics of human well-being, based on objective social values and individual self-development. A normative approach to human well-being needs to replace the conventional emphasis on economic rationality and economic efficiency. This review examines the argument chapter by chapter, with comments and criticisms, and closes with an overall evaluation. The first five chapters explore the meaning of social economic thought and the common good. The social economy is seen as an organic community that features a harmonious relationship of its various parts, with a general agreement on personal and social values, in which individual desires are modified by the need to meet the needs of others. The goal of the social economy is to provide for the basic needs of all?food, clothing and shelter?and to provide opportunity for each to achieve self-fulfillment and self-satisfaction. The economy as social relationships within the larger community, motivated by common recognition of social values, is contrasted with the view of the economy as competing individuals, motivated by materialist acquisitiveness, whose conflicts are converted to harmony by market forces. These themes are reinforced in the second chapter, which discusses the social economics of J. C. L. Simonde de Sismondi, who began his career as a follower of Adam Smith, but who became an advocate of a positive role for government in "the management of the national fortune for the happiness of all" including protection of the poor. The usual interpretation of Sismondi in the history of economic thought is simply as a contributor to the corpus of classical economics,
6 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors continually ask and attempt to answer questions, such as, "How do I improve what I am doing?" and "How to we improve what we are doing?" by researching their practice and maki skills.
Abstract: The article’s authors continually ask and attempt to answer questions, such as, ‘How do I improve what I am doing?’ and ‘How do we improve what we are doing?’ by researching their practice and maki...
6 citations