Open-field behavior in mice: selection response and situational generality.
01 Aug 1970-Behavior Genetics (Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers)-Vol. 1, Iss: 3, pp 195-211
TL;DR: Change in activity as a function of selection during the last five generations was found to be somewhat less than that during the first five generations, although the correlated response in open-field defecation has continued.
Abstract: The response to selection for open-field activity in each of six lines of mice (two selected for high activity, two selected for low activity and two controls) is presented. Change in activity as a function of selection during the last five generations was found to be somewhat less than that during the first five generations, although the correlated response in open-field defecation has continued. The realized heritability of open-field activity was estimated to be 0.13±.02 and the realized genetic correlation between open-field activity and defecation was −0.80±.13. During the tenth generation of selection, second litters were obtained so that full-sibs ofS
10 subjects could be tested in an extensive activity battery and thus assessed for the situational generality of the response to selection. In general, selection for open-field activity has produced lines which differ markedly in both activity and defecation in apparatus which have some elements in common with the open field. Apparatus which result in significant differences between the high-and low-active lines are boxlike and illuminated, but do not necessarily possess the “openness” of the open field. However, significant differences were not observed in more confining apparatus nor in exercise wheels.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compare several simple models of nonadditive, interactive relationships between heredity and environment and reveal that ANOVA often fails to detect non-additivity because it has less power in tests of interaction than in test of main effects.
Abstract: It makes sense to attribute a definite percentage of variation in some measure of behavior to variation in heredity only if the effects
of heredity and environment are truly additive Additivity is often tested by examining the interaction effect in a two-way analysis
of variance (ANOVA) or its equivalent multiple regression model If this effect is not statistically significant at the a = 005 level, it is common practice in certain fields (eg, human behavior genetics) to conclude that the two factors really are additive and then to use
linear models, which assume additivity Comparing several simple models of nonadditive, interactive relationships between heredity and environment, however, reveals that ANOVA often fails to detect nonadditivity because it has mueh less power in tests of interaction than in tests of main effects Likewise, the sample sizes needed to detect real interactions are substantially greater
than those needed to detect main effects Data transformations that reduce interaction effects also change drastically the properties
of the causal model and may conceal theoretically interesting and practically useful relationships Ifthe goal of partitioning variance
among mutually exclusive causes and calculating "heritability" coefficients is abandoned, interactive relationships can be examined
more seriously and can enhance our understanding of the ways living things develop
429 citations
TL;DR: Replicated within-family selection for increased voluntary wheel running in outbred house mice (Mus domesticus) was applied with four high-selected and four control lines (10 families/line) and resulted in an average 75% increase in activity in the four selected lines, as compared with control lines.
Abstract: Replicated within-family selection for increased voluntary wheel running in outbred house mice (Mus domesticus; Hsd:ICR strain) was applied with four high-selected and four control lines (10 families/line). Mice were housed individually with access to activity wheels for a period of 6 days, and selection was based on the mean number of revolutions run on days 5 and 6. Prior to selection, heritabilities of mean revolutions run per day (rev/day), average running velocity (rpm), and number of minutes during which any activity occurred (min/day) were estimated by midparent-offspring regression. Heritabilities were 0.18, 0.28, and 0.14, respectively; the estimate for min/day did not differ significantly from zero. Ten generations of selection for increased rev/day resulted in an average 75% increase in activity in the four selected lines, as compared with control lines. Realized heritability averaged 0.19 (range, 0.12-0.24 for the high-activity lines), or 0.28 when adjusted for within-family selection. Rev/day increased mainly through changes in rpm rather than min/day. These lines will be studied for correlated responses in exercise physiology capacities and will be made available to other researchers on request.
373 citations
Cites background from "Open-field behavior in mice: select..."
...Open-field activity was the subject of a previous artificial selection experiment with laboratory house mice (Defries et al., 1970)....
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...Within-family selection was used both to reduce the rate of inbreeding and to avoid possible complications of common environmental effects, such as maternal effects (e.g., see, Defries et al., 1970; Falconer, 1973; Lynch, 1980)....
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...running had occurred (DeFries et al., 1970)....
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336 citations
TL;DR: Rodent models of ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety have been used to explore the neurobiology underlying withdrawal and to evaluate the utility of therapeutic agents aimed at reducing withdrawal severity, and standard anxiolytic drugs should ameliorate the anxiogenic-like effects of withdrawal.
185 citations
TL;DR: Brain imaging by immunohistochemical detection of c-Fos identified several key regions that appear to play a role in the differential response to Ritalin and in the increased motivation for running in High-Runner mice.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS. Selective breeding of house mice has been used to study the evolution of locomotor behavior. Our model consists of 4 replicate lines selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running (High-Runner) and 4 bred randomly (Control). The major changes in High-Runner lines appear to have taken place in the brain rather than in capacities for exercise. Their neurobiological profile resembles features of human Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and is also consistent with high motivation for exercise as a natural reward. Both ADHD and motivation for natural rewards (such as food and sex), as well as drugs of abuse, have been associated with alterations in function of the neuromodulator dopamine, and HighRunner mice respond differently to dopamine drugs. In particular, drugs that block the dopamine transporter protein (such as Ritalin and cocaine) reduce the high-intensity running of High-Runner mice but have little effect on Control mice. In preliminary studies of mice exercised on a treadmill, brain dopamine concentrations did not differ, suggesting that changes in the dopamine system may have occurred downstream of dopamine production (e.g., receptor expression or transduction). Brain imaging by immunohistochemical detection of c-Fos identified several key regions (prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, caudateputamen, lateral hypothalamus) that appear to play a role in the differential response to Ritalin and in the increased motivation for running in High-Runner mice. The activation of other brain regions, such as the hippocampus, was closely associated with wheel running itself. Chronic wheel running (several weeks) also increased the production of new neurons to apparently maximal levels in the hippocampus, but impaired learning in High-Runner mice. We discuss the biomedical implications of these findings.
170 citations
Cites result from "Open-field behavior in mice: select..."
...Moreover, they are consistent with a selection experiment in which lines of mice bred for increased activity in a novel open-field test showed no increase in voluntary wheel running (DeFries et al., 1970)....
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References
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Book•
01 Jan 1962TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce the principles of estimation and inference: means and variance, means and variations, and means and variance of estimators and inferors, and the analysis of factorial experiments having repeated measures on the same element.
Abstract: CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Design CHAPTER 2: Principles of Estimation and Inference: Means and Variance CHAPTER 3: Design and Analysis of Single-Factor Experiments: Completely Randomized Design CHAPTER 4: Single-Factor Experiments Having Repeated Measures on the Same Element CHAPTER 5: Design and Analysis of Factorial Experiments: Completely-Randomized Design CHAPTER 6: Factorial Experiments: Computational Procedures and Numerical Example CHAPTER 7: Multifactor Experiments Having Repeated Measures on the Same Element CHAPTER 8: Factorial Experiments in which Some of the Interactions are Confounded CHAPTER 9: Latin Squares and Related Designs CHAPTER 10: Analysis of Covariance
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TL;DR: This chapter discusses design and analysis of single-Factor Experiments: Completely Randomized Design and Factorial Experiments in which Some of the Interactions are Confounded.
24,665 citations
"Open-field behavior in mice: select..." refers methods in this paper
...The mean and standard deviation corresponding to each of sixteen variables measured in the activity battery are presented for each line in Table II. Prior to pooling the data across sex, each variable was subjected to a 6 x 2 (6 strains, 2 sexes) analysis of variance for unequal subclass numbers ( Winer, 1962 )....
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1,148 citations
"Open-field behavior in mice: select..." refers methods in this paper
...THE open-field test was devised by Hall (1934) to provide an...
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TL;DR: In Wexelsen's flies the extra spermathec were due to the action of genes in at least three of the four chromosomes, but Hadorn and Graber describe a case of extra s PERMAThec, the precise kind and frequency of which depended on the temperature at which the flies were dissected.
Abstract: WHEN dissecting females for mating tests it was observed in S—79 that some of them were abnormal in their numbers of spermathec. In Drosophila melanogaster, as indeed in all species of the genus and in most genera of the group Drosophilinee, the normal number of spermathecle in a female is 2 (plate I (a)). Occasional cases of 3 spermathec, or very rarely 4, have been reported in wild-type females of various species. In our own examination of various wild-type strains, obtained from elsewhere or begun from wild flies and maintained in this laboratory for several years, one strain has been found to show as many as 7 per cent, of females with other than 2 spermathec, and another strain has 3 per cent. (table 15). In the remainder of the wild strains abnormalities were either absent or so rare as to be found only when large numbers of flies are dissected. Single examples with 3 spermathec have been found in the Or and Sk stocks, out of 852 and 1382 females respectively. In our strains, as in others reported earlier by Sturtevant (1926), Wexelsen (1928), and Nonidez (1920), the abnormalities lay in the possession of i or 2 spermathec in excess of the normal 2, while occasionally one of the usual 2 spermathec was abnormally large, this being described as 2+ in our notation. Sturtevant and Wexelsen were able to establish lines with a greater frequency of these abnormally high spermatheca numbers, Wexelsen's being indeed a line breeding almost true for 3 spermathec, a condition which Hadorn and Graber (i4) state to be normal in many Diptera. In Wexelsen's flies the extra spermathec were due to the action of genes in at least three of the four chromosomes, but Hadorn and Graber describe a case of extra spermathec, the precise kind and frequency of which depended on the temperature at which the flies
201 citations