Optical Compensators for Measurement of Elliptical Polarization
01 Jan 1948-Journal of the Optical Society of America (Optical Society of America)-Vol. 38, Iss: 1, pp 35-59
TL;DR: A detailed survey of the present-day knowledge of optical compensators is given in this article, with a reference made to the sensitivity and accuracy of the compensators and their applications.
Abstract: A detailed survey is given of the present-day knowledge of optical compensators. The compensators discussed are those of Babinet, Soleil, Rayleigh, De Forest Palmer, Brace, Szivessy, Senarmont, and Richartz. Each instrument is described, the theory developed, the method of use for the measurement of small phase differences given, and reference made to the sensitivity and accuracy.
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TL;DR: The goal is to show that the dynamic range and sensitivity of the linear birefringence loss of collagen during heating are sufficient for kinetic modeling of the reaction.
Abstract: Background and Objective
Linear birefringence is an anisotropic property of rat tail tendon, which is largely composed of collagen. Our goal is to show that the dynamic range and sensitivity of the linear birefringence loss of collagen during heating are sufficient for kinetic modeling of the reaction.
Study Design/ Materials and Methods: The linear birefringence loss was quantified for tendon denatured via both a heated-isotonic-saline bath and a heated stage. All measurements were made with a polarizing transmission microscope equipped with a Berek compensator.
Results
The data show that the loss of linear birefringence is a first-order kinetic reaction. The native rat tail tendon birefringence, Δn = 3.0 ± 0.6 × 10−3 (mean ± std. err.), is lost after denaturation occurs (Δn = 0). Application of the Arrhenius equation to the linear birefringence data yields the activation energy (Ea = 89 ± 1 kcal/mole), pre-exponential coefficient (A = e130±1 s−1), enthalpy (ΔH = 88 ± 1 kcal/mole) and entropy (ΔS = 197 ± 2 cal/°K·mole).
Conclusion
This study shows that dynamic changes in linear birefringence can be used to monitor thermally induced changes in collagen. Lasers Surg. Medicine 20:310–318, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
206 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a procedure for the synthesis of birefringent networks having arbitrarily prescribed transfer functions is presented, where the crystals are cut with their optic axes perpendicular to their length and the variables determined by the synthesis procedure are the angles of the optic axes of the crystals and the angle of the output polarizer.
Abstract: A procedure for the synthesis of birefringent networks having arbitrarily prescribed transfer functions is presented. The basic network configuration consists of n identical cascaded birefringent crystals between an input and an output polarizer. The crystals are cut with their optic axes perpendicular to their length. The variables determined by the synthesis procedure are the angles of the optic axes of the crystals and the angle of the output polarizer. Any transfer function which is periodic with frequency and whose corresponding impulse response is real and causal can, in theory, be realized. A network of n crystals allows the approximation of a desired function by (n+1) terms of a Fourier exponential series. Bandwidths of less than 1 A appear possible.
165 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the theory of the Poincare sphere is presented in detail, and its application to tracing the passage of light through doubly refracting and optically active media is fully illustrated.
Abstract: The parameters necessary to define an elliptically polarized vibration, namely the azimuth, the shape, and the sense of rotation of the ellipse described by the light vector can be represented geometrically by a point on a sphere. The method was suggested by Poincare in 1892. The theory of the Poincare sphere is presented in detail, and its application to tracing the passage of light through doubly refracting and optically active media fully illustrated. A simple model, designed on the principles involved, is described: it is suitable for instruction and demonstration.
141 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that where microtubule alignment became helical, microfibrils often made helices of opposite handedness, showing that parallelism between these elements was not required for helical orientations, and the degree of growth anisotropy was not correlated with thedegree of alignment of either microtubules or microFibrils.
Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that the degree of anisotropic expansion of plant tissues is controlled by the degree of alignment of cortical microtubules or cellulose microfibrils. Previously, for the primary root of maize (Zea mays L.), we quantified spatial profiles of expansion rate in length, radius, and circumference and the degree of growth anisotropy separately for the stele and cortex, as roots became thinner with time from germination or in response to low water potential (B.M. Liang, A.M. Dennings, R.E. Sharp, T.I. Baskin [1997] Plant Physiol 115:101-111). Here, for the same material, we quantified microtubule alignment with indirect immunofluorescence microscopy and microfibril alignment throughout the cell wall with polarized-light microscopy and from the innermost cell wall layer with electron microscopy. Throughout much of the growth zone, mean orientations of microtubules and microfibrils were transverse, consistent with their parallel alignment specifying the direction of maximal expansion rate (i.e. elongation). However, where microtubule alignment became helical, microfibrils often made helices of opposite handedness, showing that parallelism between these elements was not required for helical orientations. Finally, contrary to the hypothesis, the degree of growth anisotropy was not correlated with the degree of alignment of either microtubules or microfibrils. The mechanisms plants use to specify radial and tangential expansion rates remain uncharacterized.
127 citations
Cites methods from "Optical Compensators for Measuremen..."
...Retardation was calculated from the intensity measurements with the compensator equations (Jerrard, 1948) as follows....
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01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: The AVEC-POL method of polarization microscopy achieves significant improvements in resolution, contrast, and the visibility of fine detail by a combination of novel adjustments to a standard (unrectified) polarizing microscope and video camera.
Abstract: A new method is described for recording rapid processes of cell motility in polarized light. The Allen video-enhanced contrast (AVEC-POL) method of polarization microscopy achieves significant improvements in resolution, contrast, and the visibility of fine detail by a combination of novel adjustments to a standard (unrectified) polarizing microscope and video camera. Using the full working aperture of a high-power planapochromatic objective lens and compensator setting of lambda/9-lambda/4, visible images appear lacking in contrast. However, the same images viewed with an appropriate video camera equipped with an electronic offset adjustment can be made to appear with as much contrast as desired, revealing a significantly greater amount of fine detail in the image than can be seen by high extinction visual microscopy alone. At bias retardations between one-ninth and one-quarter wave, the diffraction anomaly observed near extinction disappears. Consequently, polarizing rectifiers are not required with the AVEC-POL method, and images previously requiring photographic exposures of around 20 seconds are sufficiently bright to be registered on the video monitor in 1/60 second. Using an intensity monitor, quantitative measurements of cellular birefringence can be retrieved from live or videotaped images displaying a linear relationship between contrast and phase retardation due to birefringence. The AVEC-POL method also renders accessible to polarized light analysis a number of objects that scatter or depolarize too much light to be studied by high extinction methods. The method is demonstrated on model objects and applied to the highly motile reticulopodial network of Allogromia laticollaris. Rapid motion in close association with microtubules can now be analyzed in greater detail at a significant reduction in the cost of recording.
126 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, double refraction in matter moving through the AEther was studied and the authors proposed an approach to solve the double-refraction problem in the case of a moving object.
Abstract: (1904). XXXVII. On double refraction in matter moving through the AEther. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 7, No. 40, pp. 317-329.
22 citations
8 citations
TL;DR: In this article, eine einfache Anordnung angegeben, welche es ermoglicht, die Empfindlichkeit der gewohnlichen Halbschattenvorrichtung des Babinet-Soleilschen Kompensators beliebig zu variieren.
Abstract: Es wird eine einfache Anordnung angegeben, welche es ermoglicht, die Empfindlichkeit der gewohnlichen Halbschattenvorrichtung des Babinet-Soleilschen Kompensators beliebig zu variieren.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an den Begrenzungsflachen einer doppelbrechenden Platte auftretenden Reflexionen haben, wie gezeigt wird, erheblichen Einflus auf den Polarisationszustand einer diese Platte durchsetzenden Lichtwelle.
Abstract: Die an den Begrenzungsflachen einer doppelbrechenden Platte auftretenden Reflexionen haben, wie gezeigt wird, erheblichen Einflus auf den Polarisationszustand einer diese Platte durchsetzenden Lichtwelle. Es werden die Gleichungen fur die Phasenverschiebung und fur die Intensitat, die von einem auf die Platte folgenden Analysator durchgelassen wird, berechnet und die Ergebnisse fur einen aus k Platten bestehenden Satz verallgemeinert.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article, das vom Verfasser fruher gegebene Kriterium fur die richtige Justierung des Braceschen Halbschattenkompensators vereinfacht; auserdem wird die fruher gemachte Angabe uber die Berechnung des Schlusergebnisses aus den Einzelbeobachtungen berichtigt.
Abstract: Es wird das vom Verfasser fruher gegebene Kriterium fur die richtige Justierung des Braceschen Halbschattenkompensators vereinfacht; auserdem wird die fruher gemachte Angabe uber die Berechnung des Schlusergebnisses aus den Einzelbeobachtungen berichtigt.
2 citations