Optical image encryption based on input plane and Fourier plane random encoding.
TL;DR: A new optical encoding method of images for security applications is proposed and it is shown that the encoding converts the input signal to stationary white noise and that the reconstruction method is robust.
Abstract: We propose a new optical encoding method of images for security applications. The encoded image is obtained by random-phase encoding in both the input and the Fourier planes. We analyze the statistical properties of this technique and show that the encoding converts the input signal to stationary white noise and that the reconstruction method is robust.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: The results of several experimental, statistical analysis and key sensitivity tests show that the proposed image encryption scheme provides an efficient and secure way for real-time image encryption and transmission.
1,109 citations
Cites background from "Optical image encryption based on i..."
...During the last decade, numerous encryption algorithms [1–13] have been proposed in the literature based on different principles....
[...]
TL;DR: An optical architecture that encodes a primary image to stationary white noise by using two statistically independent random phase codes that has an enhanced security value compared with earlier methods is proposed.
Abstract: We propose an optical architecture that encodes a primary image to stationary white noise by using two statistically independent random phase codes. The encoding is done in the fractional Fourier domain. The optical distribution in any two planes of a quadratic phase system (QPS) are related by fractional Fourier transform of the appropriately scaled distribution in the two input planes. Thus a QPS offers a continuum of planes in which encoding can be done. The six parameters that characterize the QPS in addition to the random phase codes form the key to the encrypted image. The proposed method has an enhanced security value compared with earlier methods. Experimental results in support of the proposed idea are presented.
1,066 citations
TL;DR: A lensless optical security system based on double random-phase encoding in the Fresnel domain is proposed, which can encrypt a primary image to random noise by use of two statistically independent random- phase masks in the input and transform planes, respectively.
Abstract: A lensless optical security system based on double random-phase encoding in the Fresnel domain is proposed. This technique can encrypt a primary image to random noise by use of two statistically independent random-phase masks in the input and transform planes, respectively. In this system the positions of the significant planes and the operation wavelength, as well as the phase codes, are used as keys to encrypt and recover the primary image. Therefore higher security is achieved. The sensitivity of the decrypted image to shifting along the propagation direction and to the wavelength are also investigated.
859 citations
TL;DR: A new approach to known-plaintext attack on an optical encryption scheme based on double random phase keys that can be accessed with the help of the phase retrieval technique is demonstrated.
Abstract: We demonstrate a new approach to known-plaintext attack on an optical encryption scheme based on double random phase keys. With this attack an opponent can access both random phase keys with the help of the phase retrieval technique. This demonstration shows that an optical encryption scheme based on double random encoding is vulnerable to known-plaintext attack.
608 citations
TL;DR: It is shown how optical encryption methods based on double random phase keys are vulnerable to an organized attack of the chosen-ciphertext type and cast doubts on the present security of these techniques.
Abstract: We show how optical encryption methods based on double random phase keys are vulnerable to an organized attack of the chosen-ciphertext type. The decryption key can be easily obtained by an opponent who has repeated access to either the encryption or decryption machines. However, we have also devised a solution that prevents the attack. Our results cast doubts on the present security of these techniques.
540 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: This work examines the relationship between phase and amplitude in the case of alphanumeric characters, with and without noise, using a computer simulation and compares the phase-only and amplitude-only filters to the classical matched filter using the criteria of discrimination, correlation peak, and optical efficiency.
Abstract: From image processing work, we know that the phase information is significantly more important than amplitude information in preserving the features of a visual scene. Is the same true in the case of a matched filter? From previous work [
J. L.
Horner
,
Appl. Opt.21,
4511(
1982)], we know that a pure phase correlation filter can have an optical efficiency of 100% in an optical correlation system. We examine this relationship between phase and amplitude in the case of alphanumeric characters, with and without noise, using a computer simulation. We compare the phase-only and amplitude-only filters to the classical matched filter using the criteria of discrimination, correlation peak, and optical efficiency. Three-dimensional plots of the autocorrelation and cross-correlation functions are presented and discussed.
939 citations
TL;DR: Computer simulation results and tests of the proposed system are provided to verify that both the phase mask and the primary pattern are separately readable and identifiable in an optical processor or correlator.
Abstract: We propose an idea for security verification of credit cards, passports, and other forms of identification so that they cannot easily be reproduced. A new scheme of complex phase/amplitude patterns that cannot be seen and cannot be copied by an intensity-sensitive detector such as a CCD camera is used. The basic idea is to permanently and irretrievably bond a phase mask to a primary identification amplitude pattern such as a fingerprint, a picture of a face, or a signature. Computer simulation results and tests of the proposed system are provided to verify that both the phase mask and the primary pattern are separately readable and identifiable in an optical processor or correlator.
396 citations