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Journal ArticleDOI

Optics for coherent X-ray applications.

TL;DR: Developments of optics for coherent X-ray applications and their role in diffraction-limited storage rings are described.
Abstract: Developments of X-ray optics for full utilization of diffraction-limited storage rings (DLSRs) are presented. The expected performance of DLSRs is introduced using the design parameters of SPring-8 II. To develop optical elements applicable to manipulation of coherent X-rays, advanced technologies on precise processing and metrology were invented. With propagation-based coherent X-rays at the 1 km beamline of SPring-8, a beryllium window fabricated with the physical-vapour-deposition method was found to have ideal speckle-free properties. The elastic emission machining method was utilized for developing reflective mirrors without distortion of the wavefronts. The method was further applied to production of diffraction-limited focusing mirrors generating the smallest spot size in the sub-10 nm regime. To enable production of ultra-intense nanobeams at DLSRs, a low-vibration cooling system for a high-heat-load monochromator and advanced diagnostic systems to characterize X-ray beam properties precisely were developed. Finally, new experimental schemes for combinative nano-analysis and spectroscopy realised with novel X-ray optics are discussed.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article summarizes the contributions in this special issue on Diffraction-Limited Storage Rings and analyses the progress in accelerator technology enabling a significant increase in brightness and coherent fraction of the X-ray light provided by storage rings.
Abstract: This article summarizes the contributions in this special issue on Diffraction-Limited Storage Rings. It analyses the progress in accelerator technology enabling a significant increase in brightness and coherent fraction of the X-ray light provided by storage rings. With MAX IV and Sirius there are two facilities under construction that already exploit these advantages. Several other projects are in the design stage and these will probably enhance the performance further. To translate the progress in light source quality into new science requires similar progress in aspects such as optics, beamline technology, detectors and data analysis. The quality of new science will be limited by the weakest component in this value chain. Breakthroughs can be expected in high-resolution imaging, microscopy and spectroscopy. These techniques are relevant for many fields of science; for example, for the fundamental understanding of the properties of correlated electron materials, the development and characterization of materials for data and energy storage, environmental applications and bio-medicine.

227 citations


Cites background or methods from "Optics for coherent X-ray applicati..."

  • ...Exploitation of the full potential of a DLSR requires nearperfect optics (Siewert et al., 2014; Yabashi et al., 2014; Susini et al., 2014; Schroer & Falkenberg, 2014), dedicated beamlines and sample environments (McMahon, 2014; Susini et al., 2014), and specialized detectors (Denes & Schmitt, 2014)....

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  • ...…relevant technologies have been identified and first promising results are presented in this issue for polishing of optics (Siewert et al., 2014; Yabashi et al., 2014; Susini et al., 2014), coating with single or optimized multilayers (Siewert et al., 2014; Susini et al., 2014), focusing…...

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  • ...Different optical elements have been conceived and tested and provide resolutions down below 10 nm already (Yabashi et al., 2014)....

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  • ...…(Siewert et al., 2014; Yabashi et al., 2014; Susini et al., 2014), coating with single or optimized multilayers (Siewert et al., 2014; Susini et al., 2014), focusing (Siewert et al., 2014; Yabashi et al., 2014; Schroer & Falkenberg, 2014), as well as filters and diagnostics (Yabashi et al., 2014)....

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  • ...…community will need to develop proper beam simulation tools from source to detector, which take coherence and fabrication errors into account and allow global optimization and testing of new optical concepts (Siewert et al., 2014; Yabashi et al., 2014; Susini et al., 2014; de Jonge et al., 2014)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review is focused on free-electron lasers (FELs) in the hard to soft x-ray regime and provides newcomers to the area with insights into: the basic physics of FELs, the qualities of the radiation they produce, the challenges of transmitting that radiation to end users and the diversity of current scientific applications.
Abstract: This review is focused on free-electron lasers (FELs) in the hard to soft x-ray regime. The aim is to provide newcomers to the area with insights into: the basic physics of FELs, the qualities of the radiation they produce, the challenges of transmitting that radiation to end users and the diversity of current scientific applications. Initial consideration is given to FEL theory in order to provide the foundation for discussion of FEL output properties and the technical challenges of short-wavelength FELs. This is followed by an overview of existing x-ray FEL facilities, future facilities and FEL frontiers. To provide a context for information in the above sections, a detailed comparison of the photon pulse characteristics of FEL sources with those of other sources of high brightness x-rays is made. A brief summary of FEL beamline design and photon diagnostics then precedes an overview of FEL scientific applications. Recent highlights are covered in sections on structural biology, atomic and molecular physics, photochemistry, non-linear spectroscopy, shock physics, solid density plasmas. A short industrial perspective is also included to emphasise potential in this area.

178 citations


Cites background from "Optics for coherent X-ray applicati..."

  • ...Note that this last requirement is also important at diffraction limited storage rings [179]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview of SACLA operating as a user facility and the updated status of the light source and the beamline is summarized.
Abstract: In March 2012, SACLA started user operations of the first compact X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) facility. SACLA has been routinely providing users with stable XFEL light over a wide photon energy range from 4 to 15 keV and an ultrafast pulse duration below 10 fs. The facility supports experimental activities in broad fields by offering high-quality X-ray optics and diagnostics, as well as reliable multiport charge-coupled-device detectors, with flexible experimental configurations. A two-stage X-ray focusing system was developed that enables the highest intensity of 1020 W cm−2. Key scientific results published in 2013 and 2014 in diverse fields are reviewed. The main experimental systems developed for these applications are summarized. A perspective on the facility upgrade is presented.

119 citations


Cites methods from "Optics for coherent X-ray applicati..."

  • ...In parallel to these accelerator studies, we performed R&D on X-ray optics to fully utilize coherent X-rays from an XFEL light source (Yabashi et al., 2014)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview of the recently renovated high-pressure X-ray diffraction (XRD) BL10XU beamline for the diamond anvil cell at SPring-8 is presented in this article.

88 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the design and simulated performance of two state-of-the-art Kirkpatrik-Baez mirror systems that form the primary foci of the single particles, clusters and biomolecules and serial femtosecond crystallography (SPB/SFX) instrument of the European XFEL.
Abstract: The high degree of spatial coherence and extreme pulse energies available at x-ray free electron laser (XFEL) sources naturally support coherent diffractive imaging applications. In order to optimally exploit these unique properties, the optical systems at XFELs must be highly transmissive, focus to appropriate sizes matched to the scale of samples to be investigated and must minimally perturb the wavefront of the XFEL beam. We present the design and simulated performance of two state-of-the-art Kirkpatrik–Baez mirror systems that form the primary foci of the single particles, clusters and biomolecules and serial femtosecond crystallography (SPB/SFX) instrument of the European XFEL. The two systems, presently under construction, will produce 1 μm and 100 nm scale foci across a 3–16 keV photon energy range. Targeted applications include coherent imaging of weakly scattering, often biological, specimens.

36 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a differential coating method is described for fabricating high performance x-ray microfocusing mirrors, which can be modified to produce elliptical surfaces with low roughness and low figure errors.
Abstract: A differential coating method is described for fabricating high-performance x-ray microfocusing mirrors. With this method, the figure of ultrasmooth spherical mirrors can be modified to produce elliptical surfaces with low roughness and low figure errors. Submicron focusing is demonstrated with prototype mirrors. The differential deposition method creates stiff monolithic mirrors which are compact, robust, and easy to cool and align. Prototype mirrors have demonstrated gains of more than 104 in beam intensity while maintaining submilliradian divergence on the sample. This method of producing elliptical mirrors is well matched to the requirements of an x-ray microdiffraction Kirkpatrick–Baez focusing system.

124 citations


"Optics for coherent X-ray applicati..." refers background in this paper

  • ...…developed, such as elastic emission machining (EEM) (Yamauchi et al., 2002a), ion beam figuring (Schindler et al., 2001) and additional deposition (Ice et al., 2000), as well as surface metrologies such as a long trace profiler (Takacs et al., 1987) and stitching interferometers (Yamauchi et al.,…...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a relative angle determinable stitching interferometry for the surface figuring of elliptical mirrors was developed to realize hard x-ray nanofocusing, achieving an accuracy of approximately 4nm (peak-to-valley).
Abstract: Metrology plays an important role in surface figuring with subnanometer accuracy. We have developed relative angle determinable stitching interferometry for the surface figuring of elliptical mirrors, in order to realize hard x-ray nanofocusing. In a stitching system, stitching angles are determined not by the general method using a common area between neighboring shots, but by the new method using the mirror’s tilt angles measured at times when profile data are acquired. The high measurement accuracy of approximately 4nm (peak-to-valley) was achieved in the measurement of a cylindrical surface having the same curvature as the elliptically designed shape to enable hard x-ray nanofocusing.

124 citations


"Optics for coherent X-ray applicati..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...For this purpose, we developed a relative angle determinable stitching interferometer (RADSI) (Mimura et al., 2005a), which enabled us to construct a two-dimensional focusing system with a beam size of 36 nm (vertical) 48 nm (horizontal) in the KB geometry at a photon energy of 15 keV (Mimura et…...

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  • ...For this purpose, we developed a relative angle determinable stitching interferometer (RADSI) (Mimura et al., 2005a), which enabled us to construct a two-dimensional focusing system with a beam size of 36 nm (vertical) 48 nm (horizontal) in the KB geometry at a photon energy of 15 keV (Mimura et al., 2005b)....

    [...]

  • ...…emission machining (EEM) (Yamauchi et al., 2002a), ion beam figuring (Schindler et al., 2001) and additional deposition (Ice et al., 2000), as well as surface metrologies such as a long trace profiler (Takacs et al., 1987) and stitching interferometers (Yamauchi et al., 2003; Mimura et al., 2005a)....

    [...]

  • ...…we developed a relative angle determinable stitching interferometer (RADSI) (Mimura et al., 2005a), which enabled us to construct a two-dimensional focusing system with a beam size of 36 nm (vertical) 48 nm (horizontal) in the KB geometry at a photon energy of 15 keV (Mimura et al., 2005b)....

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  • ...An advanced stitching interferometer was developed for profiling the three-dimensional shape by combining MSI and RADSI (Yumoto et al., 2010)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Characterization of this high purity type IIa material has been carried out with the result that the crystalline (bulk) perfection of some of the HPHT-grown materials is approaching the quality required for the more demanding applications such as imaging applications and imaging applications with coherence preservation.
Abstract: The trend in synchrotron radiation (x-rays) is towards higher brilliance. This may lead to a very high power density, of the order of hundreds of watts per square millimetre at the x-ray optical elements. These elements are, typically, windows, polarizers, filters and monochromators. The preferred material for Bragg diffracting optical elements at present is silicon, which can be grown to a very high crystal perfection and workable size as well as rather easily processed to the required surface quality. This allows x-ray optical elements to be built with a sufficient degree of lattice perfection and crystal processing that they may preserve transversal coherence in the x-ray beam. This is important for the new techniques which include phase-sensitive imaging experiments like holo-tomography, x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy, coherent diffraction imaging and nanofocusing. Diamond has a lower absorption coefficient than silicon, a better thermal conductivity and lower thermal expansion coefficient which would make it the preferred material if the crystal perfection (bulk and surface) could be improved. Synthetic HPHT-grown (high pressure, high temperature) type Ib material can readily be produced in the necessary sizes of 4–8 mm square and with a nitrogen content of typically a few hundred parts per million. This material has applications in the less demanding roles such as phase plates: however, in a coherence-preserving beamline, where all elements must be of the same high quality, its quality is far from sufficient. Advances in HPHT synthesis methods have allowed the growth of type IIa diamond crystals of the same size as type Ib, but with substantially lower nitrogen content. Characterization of this high purity type IIa material has been carried out with the result that the crystalline (bulk) perfection of some of the HPHT-grown materials is approaching the quality required for the more demanding applications such as imaging applications and imaging applications with coherence preservation. The targets for further development of the type IIa diamond are size, crystal perfection, as measured by the techniques of white beam and monochromatic x-ray diffraction imaging (historically called x-ray topography), and also surface quality. Diamond plates extracted from the cubic growth sector furthest from the seed of the new low strain material produces no measurable broadening of the x-ray rocking curve width. One measures essentially the crystal reflectivity as defined by the intrinsic reflectivity curve (Darwin curve) width of a perfect crystal. In these cases the more sensitive technique of plane wave topography has been used to establish a local upper limit of the strain at the level of an 'effective misorientation' of 10−7 rad.

114 citations


"Optics for coherent X-ray applicati..." refers background in this paper

  • ...High-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) synthetic type IIa diamond crystals (Burns et al., 2009; Polyakov et al., 2011; J. Synchrotron Rad....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A two-stage focusing system consisting of ultra-precise mirrors, which can generate an extremely intense X-ray field and generates an extremely small spot with an extraordinary power density using 9.9 keV XFEL light.
Abstract: X-ray-free electron lasers produce X-ray pulses for use in applications such as the determination of molecular structures or the study of materials. Here, Mimura and colleagues demonstrate a two-stage focusing scheme to achieve unprecedented laser power densities of over 1020 W cm−2.

112 citations


"Optics for coherent X-ray applicati..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The diagnostic system of SACLA includes 30 mm-thick foils of boron-doped CVD diamonds which emit fluorescence in the visible spectrum....

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  • ...The speckle-free quality has been successfully demonstrated in operations at SACLA....

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  • ...We successfully generated ultra-intense X-ray pulses of 1020 W cm 2 with a size of 30 nm 55 nm for 9.9 keV XFEL pulses from SACLA (Mimura et al., 2014), which were applied to observe two-photon absorption for the germanium K-absorption edge of 11.1 keV (Tamasaku et al., 2014)....

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  • ...This subsection introduces in-line intensity and profile diagnostics that have been in operation at SACLA (Ishikawa et al., 2012; Tono et al., 2013)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reported the development of ultraprecise mirror optics and the realization of a nanofocused hard X-ray beam with a figure accuracy of 2 nm peak to valley height.
Abstract: Nanofocused X-ray beams are necessary for nanometer-scale spatial microscopy analysis. X-ray focusing using a Kirkpatrick-Baez setup with two total reflection mirrors is a promising method, allowing highly efficient and energy-tuneable focusing. In this paper, we report the development of ultraprecise mirror optics and the realization of a nanofocused hard-X-ray beam. Fabricated mirrors having a figure accuracy of 2 nm peak to valley height give ideal diffraction-limited focusing at the hard X-ray region. The focal size, defined as the full width at half maximum in the intensity profile, was 36 nm ×48 nm at an X-ray energy of 15 keV.

101 citations


"Optics for coherent X-ray applicati..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...For this purpose, we developed a relative angle determinable stitching interferometer (RADSI) (Mimura et al., 2005a), which enabled us to construct a two-dimensional focusing system with a beam size of 36 nm (vertical) 48 nm (horizontal) in the KB geometry at a photon energy of 15 keV (Mimura et…...

    [...]

  • ...For this purpose, we developed a relative angle determinable stitching interferometer (RADSI) (Mimura et al., 2005a), which enabled us to construct a two-dimensional focusing system with a beam size of 36 nm (vertical) 48 nm (horizontal) in the KB geometry at a photon energy of 15 keV (Mimura et al., 2005b)....

    [...]

  • ...…emission machining (EEM) (Yamauchi et al., 2002a), ion beam figuring (Schindler et al., 2001) and additional deposition (Ice et al., 2000), as well as surface metrologies such as a long trace profiler (Takacs et al., 1987) and stitching interferometers (Yamauchi et al., 2003; Mimura et al., 2005a)....

    [...]

  • ...…we developed a relative angle determinable stitching interferometer (RADSI) (Mimura et al., 2005a), which enabled us to construct a two-dimensional focusing system with a beam size of 36 nm (vertical) 48 nm (horizontal) in the KB geometry at a photon energy of 15 keV (Mimura et al., 2005b)....

    [...]

  • ...An advanced stitching interferometer was developed for profiling the three-dimensional shape by combining MSI and RADSI (Yumoto et al., 2010)....

    [...]

Related Papers (5)
03 Feb 2011-Nature