Optimal Estimation of the Average Areal Rainfall and Optimal Selection of Rain Gauge Locations
TL;DR: In this paper, the average areal rainfall is computed by a linear unbiased minimum variance estimation method (kriging) which requires knowledge of the variogram of the random field.
Abstract: We propose a simple procedure for the real-time estimation of the average rainfall over a catchment area. The rainfall is modeled as a two-dimensional random field. The average areal rainfall is computed by a linear unbiased minimum variance estimation method (kriging) which requires knowledge of the variogram of the random field. We propose a time-varying estimator for the variogram which takes into account the influences of both the seasonal variations and the rainfall intensity. Our average areal rainfall estimator has been implemented in practice. We illustrate its application to real data in two river basins in Belgium. Finally, it is shown how the method can be used for the optimal selection of the rain gauge locations in a basin.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a procedure for real-time correction of spatially nonuniform bias in radar rainfall data using rain gauge measurements is described, which is a generalized local bias estimator that may be used under varying conditions of rain gauge network density and types of rainfall.
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281 citations
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01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: An electromagnetic pulse counter having successively operable, contact-operating armatures that are movable to a rest position, an intermediate position and an active position between the main pole and the secondary pole of a magnetic circuit.
Abstract: An electromagnetic pulse counter having successively operable, contact-operating armatures. The armatures are movable to a rest position, an intermediate position and an active position between the main pole and the secondary pole of a magnetic circuit.
4,897 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a series of case-studies in automatic contouring, data input for numerical models, estimation of average precipitation over a given catchment area, and measurement network design.
689 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a general framework is developed to estimate the variance of the sample long-term mean areal precipitation and mean wereal rainfall of a storm event, expressed as a function of correlation in time, correlation in space, length of operation of the network, and geometry of the gaging array.
Abstract: A methodology for the design of precipitation networks is formulated. The network problem is discussed in its general conception, and then focus is made on networks to provide background information for the design of more specific gaging systems. The rainfall process is described in terms of its correlation structure in time and space. A general framework is developed to estimate the variance of the sample long-term mean areal precipitation and mean areal rainfall of a storm event. The variance is expressed as a function of correlation in time, correlation in space, length of operation of the network, and geometry of the gaging array. The trade of time versus space is quantitatively developed, and realistic examples are worked out showing the influence of the network design scheme on the variance of the estimated values.
403 citations
TL;DR: A case study is presented for a region with particularly high rainfall variability, providing a good sample of events for testing the sensitivity of the estimation to the different methods used, taking into account cost-efficiency considerations.
Abstract: Many methods have been proposed and applied individually to rainfall fields in order to estimate point or average values at ungauged sites. This paper reviews some of the usual as well as some of the more recent techniques. They are classified according to their fundamental principles, optimality criteria, and practical aspects. Some theoretical developments, mostly for the statistically based techniques, are offered, and the practical aspects are mainly directed to the particular case of rainfall fields. A case study is presented for a region with particularly high rainfall variability, providing a good sample of events for testing the sensitivity of the estimation to the different methods used. The identification of statistical structure functions, required by certain methods using regionalized variable concepts, is discussed in detail for the case considered. Method evaluation is based on a classical validation technique that divides the available stations into two separate networks, i.e., a base network is used to perform estimations at the stations of a test network for a set of independent storm events. Careful attention is paid to result interpretation and visualisation. Finally, conclusions are drawn as to which method should be implemented, taking into account cost-efficiency considerations.
382 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the application of kriging to estimate the mean areal precipitation (MAP) of mountainous regions under two different assumptions of the drift and spatial dependency of precipitation influenced by orographic effects was proposed.
135 citations