Optimal source to detector separation for extracting sub-dermal chromophores in fiber optic diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: a simulation study
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the depth sensitivity of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and optimal source to detector fiber separation for maximum reflectance collection efficiency from local blood region in skin.
Abstract: Localization and determination of blood region parameters in skin tissue can serve as a valuable supplement to standard non invasive techniques, especially in accessing the degree of depth of burns on skin and for the classification of vascular malformations. Quantitative optical examination of skin local blood region requires the use of depth sensitive techniques and preferential probing for assessment of data from specific layers of skin tissue. This work incorporates the depth sensitivity of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and optimal source to detector fiber separation for maximum reflectance collection efficiency from local blood region in skin. Monte Carlo simulation for diffuse reflectance was performed on a multi layered skin tissue model consisting of epidermis, perfused dermis and localized blood region. It was found that the slope of the spatially resolved reflectance curve plotted with respect to the source to detector separation distance in semi log scale varies with the depth of the local blood region at specific wavelengths corresponding to the absorption wavelengths of hemoglobin. From the depth information obtained from the spatially resolved reflectance data, the optimum source to detector separation (SDS) is determined for maximum collection efficiency from the chromophore layer. The results obtained from simulation suggest the design of a linearly variable source to detector separation probe for preferential analysis of the depth of a specific tissue layer and subsequent determination of optimal source to detector separation for extracting the layer information.
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TL;DR: In this article , the authors reviewed the applications of spatially resolved spectroscopy for measuring the quality attributes of fruits and vegetables in detail, including the principle of light transfer in biological tissues, diffusion approximation theory and methodologies.
Abstract: Damage occurs easily and is difficult to find inside fruits and vegetables during transportation or storage, which not only brings losses to fruit and vegetable distributors, but also reduces the satisfaction of consumers. Spatially resolved spectroscopy (SRS) is able to detect the quality attributes of fruits and vegetables at different depths, which is of great significance to the quality classification and defect detection of horticultural products. This paper is aimed at reviewing the applications of spatially resolved spectroscopy for measuring the quality attributes of fruits and vegetables in detail. The principle of light transfer in biological tissues, diffusion approximation theory and methodologies are introduced, and different configuration designs for spatially resolved spectroscopy are compared and analyzed. Besides, spatially resolved spectroscopy applications based on two aspects for assessing the quality of fruits and vegetables are summarized. Finally, the problems encountered in previous studies are discussed, and future development trends are presented. It can be concluded that spatially resolved spectroscopy demonstrates great application potential in the field of fruit and vegetable quality attribute evaluation. However, due to the limitation of equipment configurations and data processing speed, the application of spatially resolved spectroscopy in real-time online detection is still a challenge.
6 citations
17 May 2016
TL;DR: In this paper, a sequential method for estimating the optical properties of two-layer media with spatially-resolved diffuse reflectance was proposed and validated using Monte Carlo generated reflectance profiles.
Abstract: A sequential method for estimating the optical properties of two-layer media with spatially-resolved diffuse reflectance was proposed and validated using Monte Carlo-generated reflectance profiles. The relationship between the penetration depth of detected photons and source-detector separation was first studied. Photons detected at larger source-detector separations generally penetrated deeper into the medium than those detected at small source-detector separations. The effect of each parameter (i.e., the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients (μa and μs′) of each layer, and the thickness of top layer) on reflectance was investigated. It was found that the relationship between the optical properties and thickness of top layer was a critical factor in determining whether photons would have sufficient interactions with the top layer and also penetrate into the bottom layer. The constraints for the proposed sequential estimation method were quantitatively determined by the curve fitting procedure coupled with error contour map analyses. Results showed that the optical properties of top layer could be determined within 10% error using the semi-infinite diffusion model for reflectance profiles with properly selected start and end points, when the thickness of top layer was larger than two times its mean free path (mfp’). And the optical properties of the bottom layer could be estimated within 10% error by the two-layer diffusion model, when the thickness of top layer was less than 16 times its mfp’. The proposed sequential estimation method is promising for improving the estimation of the optical properties of two-layer tissues from the same spatially-resolved reflectance.
4 citations
Cites result from "Optimal source to detector separati..."
...Other studies using MC simulations confirmed that the mean penetration depth of photons re-remitted from the surface of tissue increases with the increase of source-detector separation and reflectance at large source-detector separations could be used to extract the optical properties of the sub-surface layer [5, 6, 19]....
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...This finding is in agreement with previous studies [5, 19]....
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01 Sep 2019
TL;DR: In this paper, a sequential method for estimating the optical properties of two-layer biological tissues with spatially-resolved diffuse reflectance was proposed and validated using Monte Carlo simulations, and the relationship between the penetration depth of detected photons and source-detector separation was first studied.
Abstract: A sequential method for estimating the optical properties of two-layer biological tissues with spatially-resolved diffuse reflectance was proposed and validated using Monte Carlo simulations. The relationship between the penetration depth of detected photons and source-detector separation was first studied. Photons detected at larger source-detector separations generally penetrated deeper into the medium than those detected at small source-detector separations. The effect of each parameter involved in the two-layer diffusion model (i.e., the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients (μa and μs′) of each layer, and the thickness of top layer) on reflectance was investigated. It was found that the relationship between the optical properties and thickness of top layer was a critical factor in determining whether photons would have sufficient interactions with the top layer and also penetrate into the bottom layer. The constraints for the proposed sequential estimation method were quantitatively determined by the curve fitting procedure coupled with error contour map analyses. Results showed that the optical properties of top layer could be determined within 10% error using the semi-infinite diffusion model for reflectance profiles with properly selected start and end points, when the thickness of top layer was larger than two times its mean free path (mfp′). And the optical properties of the bottom layer could be estimated within 10% error by the two-layer diffusion model, when the thickness of top layer was
4 citations
TL;DR: The analysis of the impact of DiFC instrument geometry and wavelength on the detected DiFC signal and on the maximum depth of detection of a moving cell suggests that circulating cells and nanosensors could in principle be detectable in circulation in humans.
Abstract: Significance Diffuse in vivo flow cytometry (DiFC) is an emerging technology for fluorescence detection of rare circulating cells directly in large deep-seated blood vessels in mice. Because DiFC uses highly scattered light, in principle it could be translated to human use. However, an open question is whether fluorescent signals from single cells would be detectable in human-scale anatomies. Aim Suitable blood vessels in a human wrist or forearm are at a depth of approximately 2-4 mm. The aim of this work was to study the impact of DiFC instrument geometry and wavelength on the detected DiFC signal and on the maximum depth of detection of a moving cell. Approach We used Monte Carlo simulations to compute Jacobian (sensitivity) matrices for a range of source-detector separations and tissue optical properties over the visible and near infrared (NIR) spectrum. We performed experimental measurements with three available versions of DiFC (488 nm, 640 nm, and 780 nm), fluorescent microspheres, and tissue mimicking optical flow phantoms. We used both computational and experimental data to estimate the maximum depth of detection at each combination of settings. Results and Conclusions For the DiFC detection problem, our analysis showed that for deep-seated blood vessels, the maximum sensitivity was obtained with NIR light (780 nm) and 3 mm source-and-detector separation. These results suggest that - in combination with a suitable molecularly targeted fluorescent probes - circulating cells and nanosensors could in principle be detectable in circulation in humans.
3 citations
23 Mar 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors used Monte Carlo simulations to compute Jacobian (sensitivity) matrices for a range of source-detector separations and tissue optical properties over the visible and near infrared (NIR) spectrum.
Abstract: Significance Diffuse in vivo flow cytometry (DiFC) is an emerging technology for fluorescence detection of rare circulating cells directly in large deep-seated blood vessels in mice. Because DiFC uses highly scattered light, in principle it could be translated to human use. However, an open question is whether fluorescent signals from single cells would be detectable in human-scale anatomies. Aim Suitable blood vessels in a human wrist or forearm are at a depth of approximately 2-4 mm. The aim of this work was to study the impact of DiFC instrument geometry and wavelength on the detected DiFC signal and on the maximum depth of detection of a moving cell. Approach We used Monte Carlo simulations to compute Jacobian (sensitivity) matrices for a range of source-detector separations and tissue optical properties over the visible and near infrared (NIR) spectrum. We performed experimental measurements with three available versions of DiFC (488 nm, 640 nm, and 780 nm), fluorescent microspheres, and tissue mimicking optical flow phantoms. We used both computational and experimental data to estimate the maximum depth of detection at each combination of settings. Results and Conclusions For the DiFC detection problem, our analysis showed that for deep-seated blood vessels, the maximum sensitivity was obtained with NIR light (780 nm) and 3 mm source-and-detector separation. These results suggest that - in combination with a suitable molecularly targeted fluorescent probes - circulating cells and nanosensors could in principle be detectable in circulation in humans.
1 citations
References
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01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: A Monte Carlo model of steady-state light transport in multi-layered tissues (MCML) has been coded in ANSI Standard C; therefore, the program can be used on various computers and has been in the public domain since 1992.
Abstract: A Monte Carlo model of steady-state light transport in multi-layered tissues (MCML) has been coded in ANSI Standard C; therefore, the program can be used on various computers. Dynamic data allocation is used for MCML, hence the number of tissue layers and grid elements of the grid system can be varied by users at run time. The coordinates of the simulated data for each grid element in the radial and angular directions are optimized. Some of the MCML computational results have been verified with those of other theories or other investigators. The program, including the source code, has been in the public domain since 1992.
2,889 citations
TL;DR: A spectrum of all three parameters was measured in the wavelength range 400-2500 nm for oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, showing that blood absorption followed the absorption behavior of haemoglobin and water.
Abstract: Knowledge about the optical properties μa,μs, and g of human blood plays an important role for many diagnostic and therapeutic applications in laser medicine and medical diagnostics. They strongly depend on physiological parameters such as oxygen saturation, osmolarity, flow conditions, haematocrit, etc. The integrating sphere technique and inverse Monte Carlo simulations were applied to measure μa,μs, and g of circulating human blood. At 633 nm the optical properties of human blood with a haematocrit of 10% and an oxygen saturation of 98% were found to be 0.210±0.002 mm-1 for μa,77.3±0.5 mm-1 for μs, and 0.994±0.001 for the g factor. An increase of the haematocrit up to 50% lead to a linear increase of absorption and reduced scattering. Variations in osmolarity and wall shear rate led to changes of all three parameters while variations in the oxygen saturation only led to a significant change of the absorption coefficient. A spectrum of all three parameters was measured in the wavelength range 400-2500 nm for oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, showing that blood absorption followed the absorption behavior of haemoglobin and water. The scattering coefficient decreased for wavelengths above 500 nm with approximately λ-1.7; the g factor was higher than 0.9 over the whole wavelength range. © 1999 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
873 citations
Journal Article•
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TL;DR: The absorption and scattering data show that for all wavelengths considered, scattering is much more important than absorption, and any quantitative dosimetry for skin treated with (laser) light is inaccurate.
Abstract: The current status of tissue optics is reviewed, distinguishing among the cases of dominant absorption, dominant scattering, and scattering about equal to absorption. Previously published data as well as some current unpublished data on (human) stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis are collected and/or (re)analyzed in terms of absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, and anisotropy scattering factor. It is found that the individual skin layers show strongly forward scattering (anisotropy factors between 0.7 and 0.9). The absorption and scattering data show that for all wavelengths considered, scattering is much more important than absorption. Solutions to the transport equation for a multilayer skin model and finite beam laser irradiation that take this into account are not yet available. Hence, any quantitative dosimetry for skin treated with (laser) light is inaccurate. >
804 citations
TL;DR: The simulation of diffuse reflectance spectra of skin is simulated by assuming a wavelength-independent scattering coefficient for the different skin tissues and using the known wavelength dependence of the absorption coefficient of oxy- and deoxyhaemoglobin and water to convert reflected intensity.
Abstract: We have simulated diffuse reflectance spectra of skin by assuming a wavelength-independent scattering coefficient for the different skin tissues and using the known wavelength dependence of the absorption coefficient of oxy- and deoxyhaemoglobin and water. A stochastic Monte Carlo method is used to convert the wavelength-dependent absorption coefficient and wavelength-independent scattering coefficient into reflected intensity. The absorption properties of skin tissues in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions are estimated by taking into account the spatial distribution of blood vessels, water and melanin content within distinct anatomical layers. The geometrical peculiarities of skin histological structure, degree of blood oxygenation and the haematocrit index are also taken into account. We demonstrate that when the model is supplied with reasonable physical and structural parameters of skin, the results of the simulation agree reasonably well with the results of in vivo measurements of skin spectra.
402 citations
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a method to solve the problem of the problem: this paper... ]..,.. )].. [1].
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269 citations