Optimization and kinetic modeling of waste lard methanolysis in a continuous reciprocating plate reactor
TL;DR: In this paper, continuous biodiesel production from a waste pig-roasting lard, methanol and KOH was carried out in a reciprocating plate reactor (RPR) using a factorial design containing three process factors.
About: This article is published in Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering.The article was published on 2019-10-01. It has received 8 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Biodiesel production.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the main objective was the production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) using low cost raw material (soybean oil industry residue), with high free fatty acid content (FFA), through enzymatic route.
Abstract: The current level of air pollution, fossil fuel depletion, rising demand for fuels and rising cost, has been pressure the modern society to search clean fuels. An alternative is biodiesel, because vehicles with diesel engines can use it with little or no modification. However, the high cost of raw materials remains a challenge in to biodiesel production. Thus, the use of alternatives low-cost raw materials from industrial waste is a paramount, to reduce the process costs. In this context, the main objective of this work was the production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) using low cost raw material (soybean oil industry residue), with high free fatty acid content (FFA), through enzymatic route. The catalyst used was NS-40116 (Novozymes - Denmark). These analyses indicated that high FAME yields (96%) are achieved using 37 °C; 2 equivalents of methanol added in 6 shots and 3 wt%. In addition, using low-cost materials has several advantages, not competing with food products, requiring no land for cultivation and being eco-friendly. Summary, the enzymatic process is a promising alternative for biodiesel production, reducing its cost and benefiting sustainable development through the use of industrial waste.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a general rate equation (GRE) was obtained for kinetics modeling of transesterification at the entire time of reaction based on a three-step mechanism, and a modified form of the Second-Order model was derived when the reaction is spontaneous (at Δ r G ≪ 0 conditions or at short initial times of reaction).
10 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the experimental design and optimization of sunflower oil transesterification catalyzed by waste chicken eggshell-based catalyst were conducted in a custom-made microreactor at 60 °C.
Abstract: The statistical experimental design (DoE) and optimization (Response Surface Methodology combined with Box–Behnken design) of sunflower oil transesterification catalyzed by waste chicken eggshell-based catalyst were conducted in a custom-made microreactor at 60 °C. The catalyst was synthesized by the hydration–dehydration method and subsequent calcination at 600 °C. Comprehensive characterization of the obtained catalyst was conducted using: X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 physisorption, and Hg-porosimetry. Structural, morphological, and textural results showed that the obtained catalyst exhibited high porosity and regular dispersity of plate-like CaO as an active species. The obtained optimal residence time, catalyst concentration, and methanol/oil volume ratio for the continuous reaction in microreactor were 10 min, 0.1 g g−1, and 3:1, respectively. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the obtained reduced quadratic model was adequate for experimental results fitting. The reaction in the microreactor was significantly intensified compared to a conventional batch reactor, as seen through the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) content after 10 min, which was 51.2% and 18.6%, respectively.
10 citations
TL;DR: This work provides a strategy for the preparation of an efficient biocatalyst for the synthesis of biodiesel from methanol and canola oil using Eversa Transform 2.0 lipase immobilized onto 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane modified silica clay by glutaraldehyde.
Abstract: Biodiesel offers an important alternative to fossil fuel. In this work, Eversa Transform 2.0 lipase was immobilized onto 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) modified silica clay (SC) by glutaraldehyde. The characteristics of the functionalized supports and the immobilized lipase were investigated by FTIR, TEM, BET, and XRD. The results show that the optimal conditions of lipase immobilization are as follows: 2% glutaraldehyde concentration, 15 mg/mL lipase concentration and incubating at 25 °C for 60 min. The immobilized lipase showed a high tolerance to temperature and pH variation in comparison to the free lipase. The immobilized lipase on SC was applied as a biocatalyst for the synthesis of biodiesel from methanol and canola oil. A biodiesel yield of 86% was obtained at a temperature of 45 °C via a three-step methanol addition. A conversion yield of 67% was maintained after reusing the immobilized lipase for five cycles. This work provides a strategy for the preparation of an efficient biocatalyst for the synthesis of biodiesel.
9 citations
References
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29 Aug 1995TL;DR: Using a practical approach, this book discusses two-level factorial and fractional factorial designs, several aspects of empirical modeling with regression techniques, focusing on response surface methodology, mixture experiments and robust design techniques.
Abstract: From the Publisher:
Using a practical approach, it discusses two-level factorial and fractional factorial designs, several aspects of empirical modeling with regression techniques, focusing on response surface methodology, mixture experiments and robust design techniques. Features numerous authentic application examples and problems. Illustrates how computers can be a useful aid in problem solving. Includes a disk containing computer programs for a response surface methodology simulation exercise and concerning mixtures.
10,104 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of mixing intensity (Reynolds number = 3,100 to 12,400) and temperature (30 to 70°C) on the rate of reaction were studied while the molar ratio of alcohol to triglycerol (6:1) and the concentration of catalyst (0.20 wt% based on soybean oil) were held constant.
Abstract: Transesterification of soybean oil with methanol was investigated. Three stepwise and reversible reactions are believed to occur. The effect of variations in mixing intensity (Reynolds number=3,100 to 12,400) and temperature (30 to 70°C) on the rate of reaction were studied while the molar ratio of alcohol to triglycerol (6:1) and the concentration of catalyst (0.20 wt% based on soybean oil) were held constant. The variations in mixing intensity appear to effect the reaction parallel to the variations in temperature. A reaction mechanism consisting of an initial mass transfer-controlled region followed by a kinetically controlled region is proposed. The experimental data for the latter region appear to be a good fit into a second-order kinetic mechanism. The reaction rate constants and the activation energies were determined for all the forward and reverse reactions.
1,016 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlight some of the perspectives for the biodiesel industry to thrive as an alternative fuel, while discussing benefits and limitations of biodiesel, including the improvement of the conversion technology to achieve a sustainable process at cheaper cost, environmentally benign and cleaner emissions, diversification of products derived from glycerol.
Abstract: The present global economy downturn affects every corner of the world including the vehicular fuel industry. This paper highlights some of the perspectives for the biodiesel industry to thrive as an alternative fuel, while discussing benefits and limitations of biodiesel. This includes the improvement of the conversion technology to achieve a sustainable process at cheaper cost, environmentally benign and cleaner emissions, diversification of products derived from glycerol, and policy and government incentives. More specifically, an overview is given on making the production process more economical by developing high conversion and low cost catalysts from renewable sources, and utilizing waste oil as feedstock. Further emphasis is given on the need for public education and awareness for the use and benefits of biodiesel, while promoting policies that will not only endorse the industry, but also promote effective land management.
544 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a promising route for the production of biodiesel via transesterification of soybean oil (SBO) and poultry fat with methanol in quantitative conversions at room temperature has been developed using nanocrystalline calcium oxides as catalysts.
Abstract: A promising route for the production of biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters, FAMES) via transesterification of soybean oil (SBO) and poultry fat with methanol in quantitative conversions at room temperature has been developed using nanocrystalline calcium oxides as catalysts. Under the same conditions, laboratory-grade CaO gave only 2% conversion in the case of SBO, and there was no observable reaction with poultry fat. The soybean oil/methanol ratio in our protocol is 1:27. With our most active catalyst, deactivation was observed after eight cycles with SBO and after three cycles with poultry fat. Deactivation may be associated with one or more of the following factors: the presence of organic impurities or adventitious moisture and enolate formation by the deprotonation of the carbon alpha to the carboxy group in the triglyceride or FAMES. The biodiesel from our protocol meets the ASTM D-874 standard for sulfated ash for both substrates.
325 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of different methods employed for biodiesel production from waste animal fats employing transesterification reaction is presented, with emphasis on the influence of the operating and reaction conditions on the process rate and the ester yield.
Abstract: Biodiesel, an alternate and ecologically acceptable substitute for the conventional fuel, is usually produced from a wide range of edible vegetable oils, which are normally used for human consumption and whose prices are expected to increase in the future. In this regard, reliable and low-cost raw materials have increasingly drawn interest for biodiesel production, such as by-products of the meat-processing industries or waste animal fats. This paper provides a review of the different methods employed for biodiesel production from waste animal fats employing transesterification reaction. The aim of this paper is to present the exploitation possibilities of waste animal fats as low-cost feedstocks for biodiesel production. Also, the various methods for treatment of waste animal fats such as chemical (homogeneous and heterogeneous) and enzyme catalysis as well as non-catalytic processes were considered with emphasis on the influence of the operating and reaction conditions on the process rate and the ester yield. In depth discussions were given to the process optimization, kinetics and possibilities for improvement of biodiesel production from waste animal.
297 citations