# Optimization in economies with nonconvexities

01 Jan 2010-

TL;DR: Conditions under which the Classical Lagrangian serves as an exact penalization of a nonconvex programming of a constrained optimization problems in economics are given.

AbstractNonconvex optimization is becoming the fashion to solve constrained optimization problems in economics. Classical Lagrangian does not necessarily represent a nonconvex optimization problem. In this paper, we give conditions under which the Classical Lagrangian serves as an exact penalization of a nonconvex programming. This has a simple interpretation and is easy to solve. We use this Classical Lagrangian to provide su¢ cient conditions under which value function is Clarke dif"

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01 Feb 1977

5,933 citations

Journal ArticleDOI

134 citations

01 Jan 2005

64 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a nonsmooth approach to envelope theorems applicable to a broad class of parameterized constrained nonlinear optimization problems that arise typically in economic applications with nonconvexities and/or non-smooth objectives was developed.
Abstract: We develop a nonsmooth approach to envelope theorems applicable to a broad class of parameterized constrained nonlinear optimization problems that arise typically in economic applications with nonconvexities and/or nonsmooth objectives. Our methods emphasize the role of the Strict Mangasarian-Fromowitz Constraint Qualification (SMFCQ), and include envelope theorems for both the convex and nonconvex case, allow for noninterior solutions as well as equality and inequality constraints. We give new sufficient conditions for the value function to be directionally differentiable, as well as continuously differentiable. We apply our results to stochastic growth models with Markov shocks and constrained lattice programming problems.

13 citations

### Cites background from "Optimization in economies with nonc..."

• ...Alternatively, one can also construct examples in which the SMFCQ fails, the MFCQ holds, and the value function is not C1 (see Tarafdar [24] for such examples, or an earlier draft of this paper....

[...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a nonsmooth approach to envelope theorems applicable to a broad class of parameterized constrained nonlinear optimization problems that arise typically in economic applications with nonconvexities and/or non-smooth objectives was developed.
Abstract: We develop a nonsmooth approach to envelope theorems applicable to a broad class of parameterized constrained nonlinear optimization problems that arise typically in economic applications with nonconvexities and/or nonsmooth objectives. Our methods emphasize the role of the Strict Mangasarian–Fromovitz Constraint Qualification (SMFCQ), and include envelope theorems for both the convex and nonconvex case, allow for noninterior solutions as well as equality and inequality constraints. We give new sufficient conditions for the value function to be directionally differentiable, as well as continuously differentiable. We apply our results to stochastic growth models with Markov shocks and constrained lattice programming problems.

9 citations

##### References
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Book
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: The Calculus of Variations as discussed by the authors is a generalization of the calculus of variations, which is used in many aspects of analysis, such as generalized gradient descent and optimal control.
Abstract: 1. Introduction and Preview 2. Generalized Gradients 3. Differential Inclusions 4. The Calculus of Variations 5. Optimal Control 6. Mathematical Programming 7. Topics in Analysis.

8,969 citations

### "Optimization in economies with nonc..." refers background in this paper

• ...See Rockafellar [53], Clarke [12], and Rockafellar and Wets [54] for further discussion....

[...]

01 Feb 1977

5,933 citations

### "Optimization in economies with nonc..." refers background in this paper

• ...Because of the same number of neighbors for each of the agents, this network has the following symmetry: it looks the same way, whatever agent is located at the center and whatever order we choose for all the neighbors....

[...]

Book
01 Jan 1947
TL;DR: Recent statistical techniques, including nonlinear programming, have been added to a basic survey of equilibrium systems, comparative statistics, consumer behavior theory, and cost and production theory as discussed by the authors, and they have been used in a variety of applications.
Abstract: Recent statistical techniques, including nonlinear programming, have been added to a basic survey of equilibrium systems, comparative statistics, consumer behavior theory, and cost and production theory.

4,526 citations

Book
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: Theoretical Equivalence of Mayer, Lagrange, and Bolza Problems of Optimal Control, and the Necessary Conditions and Sufficient Conditions Convexity and Lower Semicontinuity.
Abstract: 1 Problems of Optimization-A General View.- 1.1 Classical Lagrange Problems of the Calculus of Variations.- 1.2 Classical Lagrange Problems with Constraints on the Derivatives.- 1.3 Classical Bolza Problems of the Calculus of Variations.- 1.4 Classical Problems Depending on Derivatives of Higher Order.- 1.5 Examples of Classical Problems of the Calculus of Variations.- 1.6 Remarks.- 1.7 The Mayer Problems of Optimal Control.- 1.8 Lagrange and Bolza Problems of Optimal Control.- 1.9 Theoretical Equivalence of Mayer, Lagrange, and Bolza Problems of Optimal Control. Problems of the Calculus of Variations as Problems of Optimal Control.- 1.10 Examples of Problems of Optimal Control.- 1.11 Exercises.- 1.12 The Mayer Problems in Terms of Orientor Fields.- 1.13 The Lagrange Problems of Control as Problems of the Calculus of Variations with Constraints on the Derivatives.- 1.14 Generalized Solutions.- Bibliographical Notes.- 2 The Classical Problems of the Calculus of Variations: Necessary Conditions and Sufficient Conditions Convexity and Lower Semicontinuity.- 2.1 Minima and Maxima for Lagrange Problems of the Calculus of Variations.- 2.2 Statement of Necessary Conditions.- 2.3 Necessary Conditions in Terms of Gateau Derivatives.- 2.4 Proofs of the Necessary Conditions and of Their Invariant Character.- 2.5 Jacobi's Necessary Condition.- 2.6 Smoothness Properties of Optimal Solutions.- 2.7 Proof of the Euler and DuBois-Reymond Conditions in the Unbounded Case.- 2.8 Proof of the Transversality Relations.- 2.9 The String Property and a Form of Jacobi's Necessary Condition.- 2.10 An Elementary Proof of Weierstrass's Necessary Condition.- 2.11 Classical Fields and Weierstrass's Sufficient Conditions.- 2.12 More Sufficient Conditions.- 2.13 Value Function and Further Sufficient Conditions.- 2.14 Uniform Convergence and Other Modes of Convergence.- 2.15 Semicontinuity of Functionals.- 2.16 Remarks on Convex Sets and Convex Real Valued Functions.- 2.17 A Lemma Concerning Convex Integrands.- 2.18 Convexity and Lower Semicontinuity: A Necessary and Sufficient Condition.- 2.19 Convexity as a Necessary Condition for Lower Semicontinuity.- 2.20 Statement of an Existence Theorem for Lagrange Problems of the Calculus of Variations.- Bibliographical Notes.- 3 Examples and Exercises on Classical Problems.- 3.1 An Introductory Example.- 3.2 Geodesics.- 3.3 Exercises.- 3.4 Fermat's Principle.- 3.5 The Ramsay Model of Economic Growth.- 3.6 Two Isoperimetric Problems.- 3.7 More Examples of Classical Problems.- 3.8 Miscellaneous Exercises.- 3.9 The Integral I = ?(x?2 ? x2)dt.- 3.10 The Integral I = ?xx?2dt.- 3.11 The Integral I = ?x?2(1 + x?)2dt.- 3.12 Brachistochrone, or Path of Quickest Descent.- 3.13 Surface of Revolution of Minimum Area.- 3.14 The Principles of Mechanics.- Bibliographical Notes.- 4 Statement of the Necessary Condition for Mayer Problems of Optimal Control.- 4.1 Some General Assumptions.- 4.2 The Necessary Condition for Mayer Problems of Optimal Control.- 4.3 Statement of an Existence Theorem for Mayer's Problems of Optimal Control.- 4.4 Examples of Transversality Relations for Mayer Problems.- 4.5 The Value Function.- 4.6 Sufficient Conditions.- 4.7 Appendix: Derivation of Some of the Classical Necessary Conditions of Section 2.1 from the Necessary Condition for Mayer Problems of Optimal Control.- 4.8 Appendix: Derivation of the Classical Necessary Condition for Isoperimetric Problems from the Necessary Condition for Mayer Problems of Optimal Control.- 4.9 Appendix: Derivation of the Classical Necessary Condition for Lagrange Problems of the Calculus of Variations with Differential Equations as Constraints.- Bibliographical Notes.- 5 Lagrange and Bolza Problems of Optimal Control and Other Problems.- 5.1 The Necessary Condition for Bolza and Lagrange Problems of Optimal Control.- 5.2 Derivation of Properties (P1?)-(P4?) from (P1)-(P4).- 5.3 Examples of Applications of the Necessary Conditions for Lagrange Problems of Optimal Control.- 5.4 The Value Function.- 5.5 Sufficient Conditions for the Bolza Problem.- Bibliographical Notes.- 6 Examples and Exercises on Optimal Control.- 6.1 Stabilization of a Material Point Moving on a Straight Line under a Limited External Force.- 6.2 Stabilization of a Material Point under an Elastic Force and a Limited External Force.- 6.3 Minimum Time Stabilization of a Reentry Vehicle.- 6.4 Soft Landing on the Moon.- 6.5 Three More Problems on the Stabilization of a Point Moving on a Straight Line.- 6.6 Exercises.- 6.7 Optimal Economic Growth.- 6.8 Two More Classical Problems.- 6.9 The Navigation Problem.- Bibliographical Notes.- 7 Proofs of the Necessary Condition for Control Problems and Related Topics.- 7.1 Description of the Problem of Optimization.- 7.2 Sketch of the Proofs.- 7.3 The First Proof.- 7.4 Second Proof of the Necessary Condition.- 7.5 Proof of Boltyanskii's Statements (4.6.iv-v).- Bibliographical Notes.- 8 The Implicit Function Theorem and the Elementary Closure Theorem.- 8.1 Remarks on Semicontinuous Functionals.- 8.2 The Implicit Function Theorem.- 8.3 Selection Theorems.- 8.4 Convexity, Caratheodory's Theorem, Extreme Points.- 8.5 Upper Semicontinuity Properties of Set Valued Functions.- 8.6 The Elementary Closure Theorem.- 8.7 Some Fatou-Like Lemmas.- 8.8 Lower Closure Theorems with Respect to Uniform Convergence.- Bibliographical Notes.- 9 Existence Theorems: The Bounded, or Elementary, Case.- 9.1 Ascoli's Theorem.- 9.2 Filippov's Existence Theorem for Mayer Problems of Optimal Control.- 9.3 Filippov's Existence Theorem for Lagrange and Bolza Problems of Optimal Control.- 9.4 Elimination of the Hypothesis that A Is Compact in Filippov's Theorem for Mayer Problems.- 9.5 Elimination of the Hypothesis that A Is Compact in Filippov's Theorem for Lagrange and Bolza Problems.- 9.6 Examples.- Bibliographical Notes.- 10 Closure and Lower Closure Theorems under Weak Convergence.- 10.1 The Banach-Saks-Mazur Theorem.- 10.2 Absolute Integrability and Related Concepts.- 10.3 An Equivalence Theorem.- 10.4 A Few Remarks on Growth Conditions.- 10.5 The Growth Property (?) Implies Property (Q).- 10.6 Closure Theorems for Orientor Fields Based on Weak Convergence.- 10.7 Lower Closure Theorems for Orientor Fields Based on Weak Convergence.- 10.8 Lower Semicontinuity in the Topology of Weak Convergence.- 10.9 Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Lower Closure.- Bibliographical Notes.- 11 Existence Theorems: Weak Convergence and Growth Conditions.- 11.1 Existence Theorems for Orientor Fields and Extended Problems.- 112 Elimination of the Hypothesis that A Is Bounded in Theorems (11.1. i-iv).- 11.3 Examples.- 11.4 Existence Theorems for Problems of Optimal Control with Unbounded Strategies.- 11.5 Elimination of the Hypothesis that A Is Bounded in Theorems (11.4.i-v).- 11.6 Examples.- 11.7 Counterexamples.- Bibliographical Notes.- 12 Existence Theorems: The Case of an Exceptional Set of No Growth.- 12.1 The Case of No Growth at the Points of a Slender Set. Lower Closure Theorems..- 12.2 Existence Theorems for Extended Free Problems with an Exceptional Slender Set.- 12.3 Existence Theorems for Problems of Optimal Control with an Exceptional Slender Set.- 12.4 Examples.- 12.5 Counterexamples.- Bibliographical Notes.- 13 Existence Theorems: The Use of Lipschitz and Tempered Growth Conditions.- 13.1 An Existence Theorem under Condition (D).- 13.2 Conditions of the F, G, and H Types Each Implying Property (D) and Weak Property (Q).- 13.3 Examples.- Bibliographical Notes.- 14 Existence Theorems: Problems of Slow Growth.- 14.1 Parametric Curves and Integrals.- 14.2 Transformation of Nonparametric into Parametric Integrals.- 14.3 Existence Theorems for (Nonparametric) Problems of Slow Growth.- 14.4 Examples.- Bibliographical Notes.- 15 Existence Theorems: The Use of Mere Pointwise Convergence on the Trajectories.- 15.1 The Helly Theorem.- 15.2 Closure Theorems with Components Converging Only Pointwise.- 15.3 Existence Theorems for Extended Problems Based on Pointwise Convergence.- 15.4 Existence Theorems for Problems of Optimal Control Based on Pointwise Convergence.- 15.5 Exercises.- Bibliographical Notes.- 16 Existence Theorems: Problems with No Convexity Assumptions.- 16.1 Lyapunov Type Theorems.- 16.2 The Neustadt Theorem for Mayer Problems with Bounded Controls.- 16.3 The Bang-Bang Theorem.- 16.4 The Neustadt Theorem for Lagrange and Bolza Problems with Bounded Controls.- 16.5 The Case of Unbounded Controls.- 16.6 Examples for the Unbounded Case.- 16.7 Problems of the Calculus of Variations without Convexity Assumptions.- Bibliographical Notes.- 17 Duality and Upper Semicontinuity of Set Valued Functions.- 17.1 Convex Functions on a Set.- 17.2 The Function T(x z).- 17.3 Seminormality.- 17.4 Criteria for Property (Q).- 17.5 A Characterization of Property (Q) for the Sets $$\tilde Q$$(t, x) in Terms of Seminormality.- 17.6 Duality and Another Characterization of Property (Q) in Terms of Duality.- 17.7 Characterization of Optimal Solutions in Terms of Duality.- 17.8 Property (Q) as an Extension of Maximal Monotonicity.- Bibliographical Notes.- 18 Approximation of Usual and of Generalized Solutions.- 18.1 The Gronwall Lemma.- 18.2 Approximation of AC Solutions by Means of C1 Solutions.- 18.3 The Brouwer Fixed Point Theorem.- 18.4 Further Results Concerning the Approximation of AC Trajectories by Means of C1 Trajectories.- 18.5 The Infimum for AC Solutions Can Be Lower than the One for C1 Solutions.- 18.6 Approximation of Generalized Solutions by Means of Usual Solutions.- 18.7 The Infimum for Generalized Solutions Can Be Lower than the One for Usual Solutions.- Bibliographical Notes.- Author Index.

2,347 citations

Book
12 Mar 2014
TL;DR: In this paper, Riesz spaces are used to represent the topology of the space of sequences of sequences and correspondences of correspondences in Markov transitions, where the correspondences correspond to Markov transition.
Abstract: Odds and ends- Topology- Metrizable spaces- Measurability- Topological vector spaces- Normed spaces- Convexity- Riesz spaces- Banach lattices- Charges and measures- Integrals- Measures and topology- Lp-spaces- Riesz Representation Theorems- Probability measures- Spaces of sequences- Correspondences- Measurable correspondences- Markov transitions- Ergodicity

2,006 citations