Optimization of early cleaning and precommercial thinning methods in juvenile stand management of Norway spruce stands

doi:10.14214/DF.231

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Optimization of early cleaning and precommercial thinning methods in juvenile stand management of Norway spruce stands

Journal Article•DOI•

Optimization of early cleaning and precommercial thinning methods in juvenile stand management of Norway spruce stands

27 Jan 2017-Dissertationes Forestales (Helsingin yliopisto)-Vol. 2017, Iss: 231

About: This article is published in Dissertationes Forestales.The article was published on 2017-01-27 and is currently open access. It has received 14 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Silviculture & Thinning.

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Book Chapter•DOI•

A User’s Guide

[...]

Robert S. Leiken

30 Dec 2011

TL;DR: This table lists the most common surnames in the United States used to be Anglicised as "United States", then changed to "United Kingdom" in the 1990s.

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Abstract: OUTPU T 29 OUTPU T 30 OUTPU T 31 OUTPU T 32 OUTPU T 25 OUTPU T 26 OUTPU T 27 OUTPU T 28 OUTPU T 21 OUTPU T 22 OUTPU T 23 OUTPU T 24 OUTPU T 17 OUTPU T 18 OUTPU T 19 OUTPU T 20 OUTPU T 13 OUTPU T 14 OUTPU T 15 OUTPU T 16 OUTPU T 9 OUTPU T 10 OUTPU T 11 OUTPU T 12 OUTPU T 5 OUTPU T 6 OUTPU T 7 OUTPU T 8 OUTPU T 1 OUTPU T 2 OUTPU T 3 OUTPU T 4 29 30 31 32 25 26 27 28 21 22 23 24 17 18 19 20 13 14 15 16 9

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1,662 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Influence of mechanical site preparation on regeneration success of planted conifers in clearcuts in Fennoscandia-a review

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Ulf Sikström, Karin Hjelm, Kjersti Holt Hanssen, Timo Saksa, Kristina Wallertz - Show less +1 more

25 Mar 2020-Silva Fennica

TL;DR: The results show that survival rates of planted conifers at sites where seedlings are not strongly affected by pine weevil are generally 80-90% after MSP, and 15-20 percent units higher than after planting in non-prepared sites, and experimental data indicated that soil inversion and potentially ploughing give marginally greater rates than the other methods in this respect.

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Abstract: In the Nordic countries Finland. Norway and Sweden, the most common regeneration method is planting after clearcutting and, often, mechanical site preparation (MSP). The main focus of this study is to review quantitative effects that have been reported for the five main MSP methods in terms of survival and growth of manually planted coniferous seedlings of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) in clearcuts in these three countries. Meta analyses are used to compare the effects of MSP methods to control areas where there was no MSP and identify any relationships with temperature sum and number of years after planting. In addition, the area of disturbed soil surface and the emergence of naturally regenerated seedlings are evaluated. The MSP methods considered are patch scarification, disc trenching, mounding, soil inversion and ploughing. Studies performed at sites with predominately mineral soils (with an organic topsoil no thicker than 0.30 m), in boreal, nemo-boreal and nemoral vegetation zones in the three Fenno-Scandinavian countries are included in the review. Data from 26 experimental and five survey studies in total were compiled and evaluated. The results show that survival rates of planted conifers at sites where seedlings are not strongly affected by pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.) are generally 80-90% after MSP, and 15-20 percent units higher than after planting in non-prepared sites. The experimental data indicated that soil inversion and potentially ploughing (few studies) give marginally greater rates than the other methods in this respect. The effects of MSP on survival seem to be independent of the temperature sum. Below 800 degree days, however, the reported survival rates are more variable. MSP generally results in trees 10-25% taller 10-15 years after planting compared to no MSP. The strength of the growth effect appears to be inversely related to the temperature sum. The compiled data may assist in the design, evaluation and comparison of possible regeneration chains, i.e. analyses of the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of multiple combinations of reforestation measures.

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36 citations

Cites background from "Optimization of early cleaning and ..."

...In both Finland and Sweden, cost-efficiency has increased less in recent decades for regeneration measures than for forest harvesting operations (Brunberg 2014; Uotila 2017)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Advances in the Mechanization of Regenerating Plantation Forests: a Review

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Muedanyi Ramantswana¹, Saulo Philipe Sebastião Guerra², Back Tomas Ersson³•Institutions (3)

Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University¹, Sao Paulo State University², Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences³

02 May 2020

TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the last few decades' endeavours to mechanize the regeneration activities of plantation forestry in the southern and northern hemispheres and present a review of the existing and state-of-the-art regeneration technologies available in both the northern and southern hemisphere.

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Abstract: The mechanization of silvicultural work on forest plantations is usually driven by a decreasing supply of motivated labour which increases its relative cost. Mechanization can also result in other advantages like increased effectiveness, higher efficiency, and improved working conditions. The purpose of our review is to examine the last few decades’ endeavours to mechanize the regeneration activities of plantation forestry in the southern and northern hemisphere. In this case, regeneration activities include (1) site preparation; (2) tree planting; and (3) stand tending until the crop trees are free from vegetative competition. Originally, the mechanization of silvicultural work commenced in the northern hemisphere, but over the past decades, the most notable progress has been made in the southern hemisphere plantation forests. Although soil preparation is largely mechanized across the globe, tree planting and stand tending activities lag behind because of factors such as global variations in the manner in which they are performed, higher level of complexity, and low-cost competitiveness compared with existing labour-intensive methods. For mechanization of regeneration/silvicultural activities to progress, productive and adaptable machines will be required where economies of scale permit cost-efficient operations. These machines will probably have to be modified to the specific forestry context of different countries. Knowledge of the existing and state-of-the-art regeneration technologies available in both the northern and southern hemispheres is important for foresters to make informed decisions about the selection and application of mechanized regeneration systems.

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21 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

A crop tree release variant of precommercial thinning using a backpack mounted chain saw

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Michel Soucy, Martin Béland

01 Jan 2020-Silva Fennica

TL;DR: In this article, a field trial of a CTR variant of PCT in a 27.8 ha hardwood stand using a backpack mounted chain saw was conducted and the results showed that the CTR was feasible and productive.

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Abstract: Although crop tree release (CTR) in hardwood stands is an accepted variant of precommercial thinning (PCT), the lack of an affordable and feasible method hinders its adoption. CTR implies selecting between 150 and 500 trees ha–1 when trees are between 7 and 12 m high and cutting only stems competing with the target crop trees. We performed a field trial of a CTR variant of PCT in a 27.8 ha hardwood stand using a backpack mounted chain saw. A detailed time study was performed to document the trial over 13 days. Compared to conventional PCT performed earlier in the life of a stand, precommercial crop tree release required cutting larger stems, which showed to be feasible and productive using a backpack mounted chain saw. Productivity varied between 0.22 to 0.47 ha h–1 during the trial, Although productivity could vary with stand characteristics and worker, this proof of concept trial demonstrates some of the potential uses that this new saw configuration offers and sets the basis for an eventual larger scale deployment of this treatment.

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6 citations

Cites background from "Optimization of early cleaning and ..."

...Productivity of motor-manual worker in precommercial thinning is known to be highly variable between operators (Lebel and Dubeau 2007; Uotila 2017) mainly because of the high level of physical and mental strain it imposes (Gellerstedt 1997)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

The efficacy of Chondrostereum purpureum against sprouting of deciduous species after mechanized pre-commercial thinning

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Tiina Laine, Leena Hamberg, Veli-Matti Saarinen, Timo Saksa

01 Jan 2019-Silva Fennica

TL;DR: In the future, this mechanized method may provide a promising alternative in sprout control if the spreading mechanisms, the accuracy of the treatment, and consequently the efficacy could be improved.

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Abstract: The use of a white-rot fungus, (Pers. Ex Fr.) Pouzar, as a biocontrol agent against sprouting has been studied with good results. The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of two pre-commercial thinning machines, TehojÃ¤tkÃ¤ and Mense, to spread an inoculum of as a biocontrol agent on freshly cut birch ( Roth and Ehrh.), European aspen ( L.), rowan ( L.), and goat willow ( L.) stumps (the fungal treatment) and compare that to the control (cutting only, done by TehojÃ¤tkÃ¤). Efficacy was investigated in terms of stump mortality and the number of sprouts per stump. This study was conducted in one stand and sprouting was investigated for three years after treatment. The fungal treatment resulted in higher mortality of stumps (34.0% for TehojÃ¤tkÃ¤ and 41.5% for Mense after three years), compared to the control (13.4%). However, the fungal treatment did not decrease the number of sprouts per stump compared to the control. The low occurrence of basidiomata indicates that the accuracy of the spreading mechanism was not satisfactory, causing low mortality figures for the fungal treatment compared to previous studies. In the future, this mechanized method may provide a promising alternative in sprout control if the spreading mechanisms, the accuracy of the treatment, and consequently the efficacy could be improved.Chondrostereum purpureumC. purpureumBetula pendulaB. pubescensPopulus tremulaSorbus aucupariaSalix caprea

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6 citations

Cites background from "Optimization of early cleaning and ..."

...…when the height of conifer saplings is 1–2 meter) causes a need for pre-commercial thinning (PCT) (when pines are 5–7 m and spruces 3–4 m in height) to ensure better growing conditions for more valuable coniferous trees (Kauppi et al. 1987; Johansson 2008; Äijälä et al. 2014; Uotila 2017)....
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...…forest regeneration, young stand management, i.e., cutting of deciduous saplings, is needed to ensure the growth of conifers, mostly spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) (Gobakken and Næsset 2002; Huuskonen and Hynynen 2006; Äijälä et al. 2014; Uotila 2017)....
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...However, repeated cuttings increase the total cost of young stand management (Uotila 2017)....
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...five years after regeneration when the height of conifer saplings is 1–2 meter) causes a need for pre-commercial thinning (PCT) (when pines are 5–7 m and spruces 3–4 m in height) to ensure better growing conditions for more valuable coniferous trees (Kauppi et al. 1987; Johansson 2008; Äijälä et al. 2014; Uotila 2017)....
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References

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Journal Article•

Machine that changed the world

[...]

Computer Staff

01 Jul 1993-IEEE Computer

2,711 citations

"Optimization of early cleaning and ..." refers background in this paper

...Lean management originates from the leadership and manufacturing principles of the Toyota Motor Company, and it was introduced by Womack et al. (1990) in their evaluation of manufacturing practices of the automobile industry....
[...]

Book Chapter•DOI•

A User’s Guide

[...]

Robert S. Leiken

30 Dec 2011

TL;DR: This table lists the most common surnames in the United States used to be Anglicised as "United States", then changed to "United Kingdom" in the 1990s.

...read moreread less

1,662 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

On theory in operations management

[...]

Roger W. Schmenner¹, Morgan Swink¹•Institutions (1)

Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis¹

01 Dec 1998-Journal of Operations Management

TL;DR: In this article, the authors suggest that careful organization of our thinking can lead to useful, productive theories in operations management that demonstrate all the hallmarks of the familiar theories of natural science.

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743 citations

"Optimization of early cleaning and ..." refers background or methods in this paper

...The construction, development and testing of the cost-efficient JSM is based on TBM and the theory of “Swift, Even Flow” by Schmenner & Swink (1998), where the labor time can be divided to value-adding time or non-value-adding time....
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...According to the “Theory of Swift, Even Flow” labor time can be divided between value-adding times and non-value-adding times (Schmenner & Swink 1998)....
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...The overarching objective of this thesis is to increase the cost-efficiency of JSM. Schmenner & Swink’s (1998) concepts and TBM were applied and tested for two goals: 1) Analysis and optimization of value-adding time in regeneration chains as an integrated value chain....
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