Optimization of electrocoagulation process for efficient removal of ciprofloxacin antibiotic using iron electrode; kinetic and isotherm studies of adsorption
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focused on the removal of ciprofloxacin from hospital wastewater using electrocoagulation (EC) process by iron electrode and the kinetic and isotherms of adsorption were investigated.
About: This article is published in Journal of Molecular Liquids.The article was published on 2017-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 130 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Adsorption & Langmuir adsorption model.
Summary (2 min read)
Jump to: [Introduction] – [Methods] – [Interview and measurements] – [Laboratory measurements] – [Statistical analysis] – [Undiagnosed and diagnosed diabetes] – [Diabetes mismanagement: old definition] – [Predictors of diabetes] – [Diabetes-related co-morbidities] and [Discussion]
Introduction
- The diabetes pandemic will increase from 175 million patients with diabetes in 2000 to 353 million in 2030.
- According to the national coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors surveillance report, the overall prevalence of diabetes in Iran is estimated to be 8.7% in adults aged 15-64 years, of whom half (4.1%) were the newly diagnosed cases.
- It is not clear how many are at pre-diabetes stage and are prone to suffer from diabetes, or vice versa, with timely interventions, the disease can be prevented.
- 5 Using fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥7.2 mmol/L the criteria for poor management of diabetes, about 57% of individuals with diagnosed diabetes had high level of plasma glucose.
- The authors reported the age-sex standardized prevalence of diabetes at all stages including pre-diabetes (pre DM) and diabetes (DM).
Methods
- The Kerman Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors.
- Study is a population based cohort study with repeated surveys.
- The methodology of KERCADR study has been explained in detail elsewhere.
- Only those who were able and provided written informed consent were recruited into the study.
- The study protocol was approved by the Ethical committee of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran (Permission No. 88/110KA).
Interview and measurements
- All details of the measurement are presented elsewhere.
- Part of the questionnaire that the authors used in this study included demographic information, cigarette smoking (yes/no), opium addiction (no/occasional/ dependent), the level of physical activity (low/moderate/ high), and the level of depression and anxiety (related BECK questionnaires).
- Subjects who had no previous history of diabetes or anti-diabetic medication, but turned out to have FPG ≥7 mmol/L at the recruitment were considered as undiagnosed diabetic cases.
- In the old definition, uncontrolled diabetes was specified as HbA1c >53 mmol/mol (>7%) for all individuals.
- The authors found that diabetes and susceptibility in to diabetes was very common in Kerman.
Laboratory measurements
- All participants were asked not to eat for 12-14 h before coming to the clinic.
- Subjects who had FPG more than 5.6 mmol/L were recalled for another FPG test and HbA1c test (NYCOCARD Kit, Code 1042184, Austria).
- To measure serum lipid profiles, total cholesterol (KIMIA Kit, Code 890303, Iran) and triglycerides (KIMIA Kit, Code 890201, Iran) were also measured for all individuals.
Statistical analysis
- All statistical analyses were conducted under survey data analysis using STATAv.12 (StataCorp, 2011 College Station, TX, USA).
- For age-sex direct standardizations, the authors used Kerman population reported in census 2006.
- All prevalence rates were weighted according to the sampling weight (reciprocal of the probability of selection) and individual response rate.
- The data were presented as absolute and relative frequencies as well as 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).
- Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were applied to determine the predictors of diabetes (both diagnosed and undiagnosed DM).
Undiagnosed and diagnosed diabetes
- There was nearly an equal prevalence of undiagnosed-DM in subpopulations regarding depression and physical activity.
- The prevalence of DM was diagnosed in 7.0% of occasional opium users, while it was 4.0% among dependent users.
- Seven percent of overweight and 7.6% of obese people had diagnosed-DM.
Diabetes mismanagement: old definition
- The uncontrolled-DM increased from 60% in young adults to 77.8% in elderly people.
- The frequency of uncontrolled-DM among people without and with (both insulin and non-insulin) treatment was 57.9% and 92.9%, respectively.
- The frequency of uncontrolled-DM varied from 76.1% among non opium users to 81.3% in dependent opium users.
- People with low physical activity had a higher frequency of uncontrolled-DM (79.4%), which decreased to 66.7% in people with high level of physical activity.
Predictors of diabetes
- In crude analysis, sex (male vs female), age, education, opium addiction, depression, increased BMI category, lower physical activity, and DM familial history turned to be potential significant predictors for DM (Table 3 ).
- While in the multivariate model, after removing confounding effects, it was shown that the odds diabetes increased significantly only by age group (AOR 5.0 to 18.2), depression (AOR 1.2), overweight and obesity (AOR 1.6, and 1.5), moderate and low physical activity, (AOR 1.5, and 1.4) and the positive familial history of DM (AOR 2.2).
- The other variables did not have a statistically significant association with diabetes.
Discussion
- In their analysis, the authors found one out of four individuals living in an urban area in Iran either had impaired glucose level (pre-diabetes) or diabetes.
- In several studies, it has been reported that the prevalence of diabetes (diagnosed and undiagnosed), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) increased by age [13] [14] [15] is not similar between men and women.
- Regarding the effect of cigarette smoking and opium consumption, the results of this study showed almost no statistically significant effects on control of diabetes or odds ratio of predictors of diabetes (Tables 2,3 ).
- In rural areas, Iran has a well-developed primary health-care system, having Behvarz workers responsible for population-based prevention and control services.
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TL;DR: In this article, the photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin by titanium dioxide nanoparticles immobilized on a glass plate in an aqueous solution was investigated.
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Cites background from "Optimization of electrocoagulation ..."
...One of the major human antibiotics of the fluoroquinolone family which is prescribed extensively is ciprofloxacin (Paul et al., 2010; Bajpai et al., 2014; Fries et al., 2016; Yoosefian et al., 2017; Hassani et al., 2017b)....
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References
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01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: In this paper, the equilibrium constants and thermodynamic parameters for complexation process between titanium (III) cation and meso-octamethylcalix[4]pyrrole were determined by conductivity measurements in acetonitrile-ethanol (AN-EtOH) binary mixture at different temperatures.
Abstract: The equilibrium constants and thermodynamic parameters for complexation process between titanium (III) cation and meso-octamethylcalix[4]pyrrole were determined by conductivity measurements in acetonitrile–ethanol (AN–EtOH) binary mixture at different temperatures. The conductance data show that the stoichiometry of the (meso-octamethylcalix[4]pyrrole.[Ti(OH)-(H2O)5])2+ complex in all binary mixed solvents is 1:1[I:M]. The stability of the formed complex is sensitive to the solvent composition and a non-linear behavior was observed for changes of log Kf of this complex versus the composition of the binary mixed solvents. The values of thermodynamic parameters (Hc and Sc) for formation of (meso-octamethylcalix[4]pyrrole.[Ti(OH)-(H2O)5])2+ complex were obtained from temperature dependence of the stability constant using van’t Hoff plots. The obtained results show that the formed complex is enthalpy destabilized, but entropy stabilized and a non-monotonic behavior was observed for variations of standard enthalpy and entropy changes versus the composition of the binary mixed solvents.
42 citations
TL;DR: The strengths of the ion–ionophore (Ti(OH)2+-tpm) interactions and the role of ionophore on membrane were tested by various techniques such as elemental analysis, UV–vis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Abstract: Due to the increasing industrial use of titanium compounds, its determination is the subject of considerable efforts. The ionophore or membrane active recognition is the most important component of any polymeric membrane sensor. The sensor’s response depends on the ionophore and bonding between the ionophore and the target ion. Ionophores with molecule-sized dimensions containing cavities or semi-cavities can surround the target ion. The bond between the ionophore and target ion gives different selectivity and sensitivity toward the other ions. Therefore, ionophores with different binding strengths can be used in the sensor. In the present work, poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) based membrane incorporating tris (2 pyridyl) methylamine (tpm) as an ionophore has been prepared and explored as a titanium(III) selective sensor. The strengths of the ion–ionophore (Ti(OH)2+-tpm) interactions and the role of ionophore on membrane were tested by various techniques such as elemental analysis, UV–vis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). All data approved the successful incorporation of organic group via covalent bond.
39 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a Pd-doped single walled carbon nanotube (Pd/SWCNT) was used as a bionanosensor platform for histidine amino acid detection.
Abstract: Using DFT calculations, we investigate Pd-doped single walled carbon nanotube (Pd/SWCNT) as a bionanosensor platform for histidine amino acid detection. The adsorption features of three special adsorption sites of histidine molecule close to the Pd atom of nanotube that are all different from one another are fully optimized. The chemical properties, NBO and QTAIM analysis have been carried out to study the order of bonding strength in complexes and deep understanding of the nature of interactions in His-Pd/SWCNT. Chemical potential and hardness as the parameters that reflected the chemical reactivity and stability were calculated by DFT/B3LYP with 6-31G* basis set and DGDZVP extra basis set for Pd atom. Our results demonstrate that Pd/SWCNTs with the large binding energy and significant charge transfer through the adsorption of histidine amino acid can serve as a bionanosensor.
38 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the treated sawdust was examined to discover its ability in adsorption of Basic Red 46 (BR46) and Reactive Red 196 (RR196) and the results showed the maximum removal of 99.72 and 98.82% for BR46 and RR196, respectively.
Abstract: The treated sawdust was examined to discover its ability in adsorption of Basic Red 46 (BR46) and Reactive Red 196 (RR196). Response surface methodology was employed to evaluate the effects of initial dye concentration, solution pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time on the process. The experimental results showed the maximum removal of 99.72 and 98.82% for BR46 and RR196, respectively. The percentage of dye removal decreased with increasing initial dye concentration. The alkaline pH for BR46 cationic dye and the acidic pH for RR196 favored the dye adsorption. The maximum removal rate was attained at the adsorbent dosage of 4 g L–1 for BR46 and 4.5 g L–1 for RR196 within the equilibrium time of 40 and 55 min, respectively. The Langmuir model best described the data with predicting the maximum adsorption capacity of 13.94 and 13.39 mg g–1 for BR46 and RR196, respectively. Kinetic studies revealed the pseudo-second order kinetic model best fitted the experimental results, suggesting that the chemisorption controlled adsorption of both dyes onto treated sawdust. The findings revealed that the sawdust as a recycled waste could be used for efficient removal of cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous solutions. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 1078–1090, 2016
37 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the Bader theory of atoms in molecules (AIM) was applied to calculate the hydrogen bond strength in Nitroso-oxime methane and its derivatives and the vibrational frequencies for them were calculated at the same level of theory.
Abstract: Density functional calculations with Beck's three-parameter hybrid method using the correlation functional of Lee, Yang, and Parr (B3LYP) were carried out for investigation of the intramolecular hydrogen bond strength in Nitroso-oxime methane and its derivatives. Also, vibrational frequencies for them were calculated at the same level of theory. The π-electron delocalization parameter (Q) and as a geometrical indicator of a local aromaticity, the geometry-based harmonic oscillator measure of aromaticity index has been applied. Additionally, the linear correlation coefficients between substituent constants and selected parameters in R position have calculated. The obtained results show that the hydrogen bond strength is mainly governed by the resonance variations inside the chelate ring induced by the substituent groups. The topological properties of the electron density distributions for OH···O intramolecular bridges have been analyzed in terms of the Bader theory of atoms in molecules (AIM). Correlations between the H-bond strength and topological parameters have been also studied. The electron density (ρ) and Laplacian (∇2ρ) properties, estimated by AIM calculations, show that O···H bond have low ρ and negative (∇2ρ) values (consistent with covalent character of the HBs), whereas OH bond have positive (∇2ρ) Furthermore, the analysis of hydrogen bond in this molecule and its derivatives by quantum theory of natural bond orbital (NBO) methods fairly support the ab initio results. Natural population analysis data, the electron density, and Laplacian properties as well as υ(OH) and γ(OH) were further used for estimation of the hydrogen bonding interactions and the forces driving their formation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
36 citations