Optimization of Insertion Compounds Such as LiMn2 O 4 for Li-Ion Batteries
TL;DR: The spinel LiMn 2 O 4, whose electrochemical activity with Li was discovered in the early 1980s, was put forth as a possible alternative to LiCoO 2 as a positive electrode material for Li-ion batteries as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The spinel LiMn 2 O 4 , whose electrochemical activity with Li was discovered in the early 1980s, was put forth in the early 1990s as a possible alternative to LiCoO 2 as a positive electrode material for Li-ion batteries. Ten years later, the Li-ion LiMn 2 O 4 /C cells are on the verge of entering the portable electronics and electric/hybrid vehicle market. This paper retraces the key steps of this decade that were necessary to master the intimate physical/electrochemical relationship of LiMn 2 O 4 , and that led to the development of rechargeable Li-ion LiMn 2 O 4 /C technology. During the long development period, the early supremacy of LiMn 2 O 4 as the only alternative to LiCoO 2 diminished with the development of positive electrode materials that present abundance and cost advantages. Despite the uncertainty of the future of the spinel, successfully translating a fundamental success into a commercial one, we stress that the long learning experience will benefit the scientific battery community aiming at rapidly optimizing the electrochemical performance of alternative materials, such as LiFePO 4 .
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TL;DR: In this article, positive electrodes for Li-ion and lithium batteries have been under intense scrutiny since the advent of the Li ion cell in 1991, and a growing interest in developing Li−sulfur and Li−air batteries that have the potential for vastly increased capacity and energy density, which is needed to power large scale systems.
Abstract: Positive electrodes for Li-ion and lithium batteries (also termed “cathodes”) have been under intense scrutiny since the advent of the Li-ion cell in 1991. This is especially true in the past decade. Early on, carbonaceous materials dominated the negative electrode and hence most of the possible improvements in the cell were anticipated at the positive terminal; on the other hand, major developments in negative electrode materials made in the last portion of the decade with the introduction of nanocomposite Sn/C/Co alloys and Si−C composites have demanded higher capacity positive electrodes to match. Much of this was driven by the consumer market for small portable electronic devices. More recently, there has been a growing interest in developing Li−sulfur and Li−air batteries that have the potential for vastly increased capacity and energy density, which is needed to power large-scale systems. These require even more complex assemblies at the positive electrode in order to achieve good properties. This r...
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TL;DR: In this tutorial review, the most recent and significant scientific advances in the field of rechargeable batteries, whose performance is dependent on their underlying chemistry, are covered and special emphasis is given to progress in lithium-based technologies.
Abstract: The constant increase in global energy demand, together with the awareness of the finite supply of fossil fuels, has brought about an imperious need to take advantage of renewable energy sources. At the same time, concern over CO2 emissions and future rises in the cost of gasoline has boosted technological efforts to make hybrid and electric vehicles available to the general public. Energy storage is a vital issue to be addressed within this scenario, and batteries are certainly a key player. In this tutorial review, the most recent and significant scientific advances in the field of rechargeable batteries, whose performance is dependent on their underlying chemistry, are covered. In view of its utmost current significance and future prospects, special emphasis is given to progress in lithium-based technologies.
1,250 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an overview of the various electrode and electrolyte materials that are suitable for 3D planar all-solid-state Li-ion microbatteries is given.
Abstract: With the increasing importance of wireless microelectronic devices the need for on-board power supplies is evidently also increasing. Possible candidates for microenergy storage devices are planar all-solid-state Li-ion microbatteries, which are currently under development by several start-up companies. However, to increase the energy density of these microbatteries further and to ensure a high power delivery, three-dimensional (3D) designs are essential. Therefore, several concepts have been proposed for the design of 3D microbatteries and these are reviewed. In addition, an overview is given of the various electrode and electrolyte materials that are suitable for 3D all-solid-state microbatteries. Furthermore, methods are presented to produce films of these materials on a nano- and microscale.
672 citations
TL;DR: Gur et al. as discussed by the authors reviewed electrical energy storage technologies, materials and systems: challenges and prospects for large-scale grid storage, and provided a review of the current state of the art.
Abstract: Correction for ‘Review of electrical energy storage technologies, materials and systems: challenges and prospects for large-scale grid storage’ by Turgut M. Gur, Energy Environ. Sci., 2018, DOI: 10.1039/c8ee01419a.
659 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the surface chemistry of the following cathode materials: LiCoO 2, V 2 O 5, LiMn 2 O 4, Li Mn 0.5 O 4 and Li MmN 0.
611 citations
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TL;DR: LiFePO 4 powders were synthesized under various conditions and the performance of the cathodes was evaluated using coin cells, the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope observations, Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller surface area measurements, particle-size distribution measurements, and Mossbauer spectroscopy.
Abstract: LiFePO 4 powders were synthesized under various conditions and the performance of the cathodes was evaluated using coin cells, The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope observations, Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller surface area measurements, particle-size distribution measurements, and Mossbauer spectroscopy. Ab initio calculation was used to confirm the experimental redox potentials and Mossbauer parameters. The choice of a moderate sintering temperature (500°C 95% of the 170 mAh/g theoretical capacity at room temperature. There are two main obstacles to achieving optimum charge/discharge performance of LiFePO 4 : (i) undesirable particle growth at T > 600°C and (ii) the presence of a noncrystalline residual Fe 3+ phase at T < 500°C.
1,698 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Li has been inserted chemically and electrochemically into Mn3O4 and Li[Mn2]O4 at room temperature from X-ray diffraction.
1,555 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a composite of the phosphate with a carbon xerogel formed from a resorcinol-formaldehyde precursor is presented, which achieves 90% theoretical capacity at C/2, with very good rate capability and excellent stability.
Abstract: Nanocomposites of and conductive carbon were prepared by two different methods which lead to enhanced electrochemical accessibility of the Fe redox centers in this insulating material. Method A employs a composite of the phosphate with a carbon xerogel formed from a resorcinol-formaldehyde precursor; method B uses surface-oxidized carbon particles to act as a nucleating agent for phosphate growth. Both particle size minimization and intimate carbon contact are necessary to optimize electrochemical performance. Although both methods succeed for the first criteria, the latter is best achieved with method A, affording excellent characteristics in room temperature, liquid electrolyte cells. The resultant composite achieves 90% theoretical capacity at C/2, with very good rate capability and excellent stability. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
1,352 citations
1,332 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors improved the rechargeable capacity of 4 V LixMn2O4 spinel cathodes by modifying the composition of the spinel electrode, achieving a capacity in excess of 100 mAh/g in flooded-electrolyte lithium cells.
1,331 citations