Optimized WiMAX Profile Configuration for Smart Grid Communications
TL;DR: The results indicate that a priority-based scheduler is an appropriate solution for scheduling time-critical smart grid applications, and schedulers should be implemented in such a way that grant sizes smaller than the packet size are avoided.
Abstract: Worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) is one of the wireless communication technologies adopted for communication in smart grids. Due to the inherent differences between smart grid and mobile broadband applications, it is important to adjust planning and deployment of wireless technologies, including WiMAX. To this end, WiMAX is being amended to feature a smart grid system profile known as WiGrid. In this paper, we investigate the optimized configuration of this WiGrid profile, i.e., the choice of frame duration, type-of-service to traffic mapping, scheduling strategies, as well as the system architecture, such that smart grid communication requirements are met. The simulation-based evaluation of WiGrid networks with optimized configurations is facilitated through a newly developed WiGrid module for the network simulator-3 environment. Our results indicate that a priority-based scheduler is an appropriate solution for scheduling time-critical smart grid applications. Furthermore, schedulers should be implemented in such a way that grant sizes smaller than the packet size are avoided, and adjusting the uplink/downlink bandwidth ratio to favor uplink traffic is important to achieve the required latency defined for smart grid applications.
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TL;DR: An overview of real cyber attack incidents in traditional energy networks and those targeting the smart metering network is shown and a threat taxonomy is presented considering: 1) threats in system-level security; 2) threats and/or theft of services; and 3) threats to privacy.
Abstract: Smart grid (SG) networks are newly upgraded networks of connected objects that greatly improve reliability, efficiency, and sustainability of the traditional energy infrastructure. In this respect, the smart metering infrastructure (SMI) plays an important role in controlling, monitoring, and managing multiple domains in the SG. Despite the salient features of SMI, security, and privacy issues have been under debate because of the large number of heterogeneous devices that are anticipated to be coordinated through public communication networks. This survey paper shows a brief overview of real cyber attack incidents in traditional energy networks and those targeting the smart metering network. Specifically, we present a threat taxonomy considering: 1) threats in system-level security; 2) threats and/or theft of services; and 3) threats to privacy. Based on the presented threats, we derive a set of security and privacy requirements for SG metering networks. Furthermore, we discuss various schemes that have been proposed to address these threats, considering the pros and cons of each. Finally, we investigate the open research issues to shed new light on future research directions in SG metering networks.
209 citations
01 Jul 2017
TL;DR: The motivation and key concepts of EI are first introduced, followed by the key technologies and standardizations enabling the EI communications as well as security issues.
Abstract: Energy Internet (EI) is proposed as the evolution of smart grid, aiming to integrate various forms of energy into a highly flexible and efficient grid that provides energy packing and routing functions, similar to the Internet. As an essential part in EI system, a scalable and interoperable communication infrastructure is critical in system construction and operation. In this article, we survey the recent research efforts on EI communications. The motivation and key concepts of EI are first introduced, followed by the key technologies and standardizations enabling the EI communications as well as security issues. Open challenges in system complexity, efficiency, reliability are explored and recent achievements in these research topics are summarized as well.
105 citations
Cites methods from "Optimized WiMAX Profile Configurati..."
...The network subsystem connects all devices in the EI system by using wired and wireless technologies, such as ZigBee [15], WiMAX [16], cognitive radio (CR) [17], cellular communications [18], and software-defined network (SDN) [19]....
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...system by using wired and wireless technologies, such as ZigBee [15], WiMAX [16], cognitive radio (CR) [17], cellular communications [18], and software-defined network (SDN) [19]....
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TL;DR: The complete work gives an in-depth understanding of 5G networks as they pertain to future smart grids as a comprehensive analysis of the 5G network and its vision regarding the smart grid.
Abstract: Wireless cellular networks are emerging to take a strong stand in attempts to achieve pervasive large scale obtainment, communication, and processing with the evolution of the fifth generation (5G) network. Both the present day cellular technologies and the evolving new age 5G are considered to be advantageous for the smart grid. The 5G networks exhibit relevant services for critical and timely applications for greater aspects in the smart grid. In the present day electricity markets, 5G provides new business models to the energy providers and improves the way the utility communicates with the grid systems. In this work, a complete analysis and a review of the 5G network and its vision regarding the smart grid is exhibited. The work discusses the present day wireless technologies, and the architectural changes for the past years are shown. Furthermore, to understand the user-based analyses in a smart grid, a detailed analysis of 5G architecture with the grid perspectives is exhibited. The current status of 5G networks in a smart grid with a different analysis for energy efficiency is vividly explained in this work. Furthermore, focus is emphasized on future reliable smart grid communication with future roadmaps and challenges to be faced. The complete work gives an in-depth understanding of 5G networks as they pertain to future smart grids as a comprehensive analysis.
98 citations
TL;DR: The power system design using smart grid architecture is developed to enhance the performance for verifying the various demand applications in power systems, integrate with available renewable energy sources, and enhance the storage capability and reliability in power system grid to deal with the suddenly change in the power system flow.
75 citations
TL;DR: This paper presents a holistic review of the energy Internet evolution in terms of the architecture, types of ERs, and the benefits and challenges of its implementation on a large-scale distributed architecture with the inclusion of renewable energy resources.
Abstract: Energy Internet is a concept proposed to harness, control, and manage energy resources effectively, with the help of information and communication technology. It improves a reliability of the system, and provides an increased utilization of energy resources by integrating the smart grid with the Internet. A scalable and reliable information and communication architecture is a crucial factor for both the operation and management of the energy Internet. The routing or managing of electrical energy is performed through an energy router (ER), synonymous with a communication router, which routes data packets instead of energy packets. In this paper, a holistic review of the energy Internet evolution in terms of the architecture, types of ERs, and the benefits and challenges of its implementation is presented. An exhaustive summary of the designs and architectures of the different types of ERs is also presented in this paper. The benefits of the energy Internet, along with the challenges of its implementation on a large-scale distributed architecture with the inclusion of renewable energy resources, is discussed. Finally, future prospects for the energy Internet for achieving guaranteed reliability and security is presented.
41 citations
Cites background from "Optimized WiMAX Profile Configurati..."
...The PnP infrastructure connects all of the devices of FREEDM to the EI, using wired or wireless protocols [34], such as fiber optics, power line communication (PLC) [35], ZigBee [36], worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) [37], cognitive radio (CR) [38], long-term evolution (LTE) network [39], and cellular communications [40]....
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References
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Posted Content•
TL;DR: A quantitative measure called Indiex of FRairness, applicable to any resource sharing or allocation problem, which is independent of the amount of the resource, and boundedness aids intuitive understanding of the fairness index.
Abstract: Fairness is an important performance criterion in all resource allocation schemes, including those in distributed computer systems However, it is often specified only qualitatively The quantitative measures proposed in the literature are either too specific to a particular application, or suffer from some undesirable characteristics In this paper, we have introduced a quantitative measure called Indiex of FRairness The index is applicable to any resource sharing or allocation problem It is independent of the amount of the resource The fairness index always lies between 0 and 1 This boundedness aids intuitive understanding of the fairness index For example, a distribution algorithm with a fairness of 010 means that it is unfair to 90% of the users Also, the discrimination index can be defined as 1 - fairness index
4,476 citations
TL;DR: The main objective of this paper is to provide a contemporary look at the current state of the art in smart grid communications as well as to discuss the still-open research issues in this field.
Abstract: For 100 years, there has been no change in the basic structure of the electrical power grid. Experiences have shown that the hierarchical, centrally controlled grid of the 20th Century is ill-suited to the needs of the 21st Century. To address the challenges of the existing power grid, the new concept of smart grid has emerged. The smart grid can be considered as a modern electric power grid infrastructure for enhanced efficiency and reliability through automated control, high-power converters, modern communications infrastructure, sensing and metering technologies, and modern energy management techniques based on the optimization of demand, energy and network availability, and so on. While current power systems are based on a solid information and communication infrastructure, the new smart grid needs a different and much more complex one, as its dimension is much larger. This paper addresses critical issues on smart grid technologies primarily in terms of information and communication technology (ICT) issues and opportunities. The main objective of this paper is to provide a contemporary look at the current state of the art in smart grid communications as well as to discuss the still-open research issues in this field. It is expected that this paper will provide a better understanding of the technologies, potential advantages and research challenges of the smart grid and provoke interest among the research community to further explore this promising research area.
2,331 citations
"Optimized WiMAX Profile Configurati..." refers background in this paper
...The aforementioned works and others such as [15]–[17] generally confirm that WiMAX is a viable choice for FAN and NAN applications....
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TL;DR: This survey attempts to summarize the current state of research efforts in the communication networks of smart grid, which may help to identify the research problems in the continued studies.
753 citations
DOI•
10 Jan 2010
TL;DR: Develop a summary of power reliability and quality characteristics that affect price and availability (supply side) and desirability (demand side), and survey existing price communications and develop harmonized specification.
Abstract: Actions under this plan will result in a common specification for price. This specification will be used in demand response applications, market transactions, distributed energy resource integration, meter communications, and many other inter-domain communications. Businesses, homes, electric vehicles, and the power grid will benefit from automated and timely communication of energy prices, characteristics, quantities, and related information. Price is a number associated with product characteristics, including delivery schedule, quality (reliability, power quality, source, etc.), and environmental and regulatory characteristics. Price also is a common abstraction for abundance, scarcity, and other market conditions. A common price model will define how to exchange data on energy characteristics, availability, and schedules to support efficient communication of information in any market. Why Coordination of energy supply and demand requires a common understanding of supply and demand. A simple quotation of price, quantity, and characteristics in a consistent way across markets enables new markets and integration of distributed energy resources. Price and product definition are key to transparent market accounting. A consistent information model will reduce implementation costs. A consistent model for market information exchange simplifies communication flow and improves the quality and efficiency of actions taken by energy providers, distributors, and consumers. Better communication of actionable energy prices facilitates effective dynamic pricing and is necessary for net-zero-energy buildings, supply-demand integration, and other efficiency and sustainability initiatives. Common, up-to-the-moment pricing information is also an enabler of local generation and storage of energy, such as electric-charging and thermal-storage technologies for homes and buildings. Major Objectives • Develop a summary of power reliability and quality characteristics that affect price and availability (supply side) and desirability (demand side). • Survey existing price communications and develop harmonized specification (review by October 2009, draft specification by April 2010). • Engage the broad group of stakeholders into the effort. • Build on existing work in financial energy markets and existing demand response programs. • Integrate with schedule and interval specifications under development (see section 5.3). Project Team NIST Lead: Dave Holmberg
647 citations
"Optimized WiMAX Profile Configurati..." refers background in this paper
...Under the umbrella of the NIST Priority Action Plan (PAP) 2 guideline [10], range and capacity analyses have been conducted for different usage models to give some insights of the capability of WiMAX technology for backhauling smart metering traffic....
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...Typical numbers of automated nodes and smart meters located in this area obtained from the BC Hydro distribution automation implementation plan [25] and the NIST PAP2 document [10], respectively, are summarized in Table III with a categorization according to the use cases from Table I. Table IV summarizes the default signal propagation and system settings considered for the following results....
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...The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) [2] and the IEEE Project 2030 [3] have developed reference architecture models for such smart grid communication networks (SGCNs)....
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...National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) [2] and the IEEE Project 2030 [3] have developed reference architecture models for such smart grid communication networks (SGCNs)....
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...7) The NIST PAP2 guideline [10] recommends the Erceg SUI propagation model to emulate the signal attenuation for the rural and suburban scenarios....
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TL;DR: This paper compiles information about different communication network requirements for different smart grid applications, ranging from those used in a Home Area Network, Neighborhood Area Network and Wide-Area Network, to serve as a comprehensive database of technology requirements and best practices for use by communication engineers when designing a smart grid network.
490 citations
"Optimized WiMAX Profile Configurati..." refers background in this paper
...The viability of WiMAX technology for NANs and FANs has been investigated in the literature, several field trials [6], [7], and recent surveys [8], [9]....
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