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Journal ArticleDOI

Optimizing green space locations to reduce daytime and nighttime urban heat island effects in Phoenix, Arizona

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a framework to identify the best locations and configuration of new green space with respect to cooling benefits in order to mitigate the effect of urban heat island effects.
About: This article is published in Landscape and Urban Planning.The article was published on 2017-09-01. It has received 191 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Urban heat island.
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An exponentially increasing trend of SUHI research since 2005, with clear preferences for geographic areas, time of day, seasons, research foci, and platforms/sensors is found, and key potential directions and opportunities for future efforts are proposed.
Abstract: The surface urban heat island (SUHI), which represents the difference of land surface temperature (LST) in urban relativity to neighboring non-urban surfaces, is usually measured using satellite LST data. Over the last few decades, advancements of remote sensing along with spatial science have considerably increased the number and quality of SUHI studies that form the major body of the urban heat island (UHI) literature. This paper provides a systematic review of satellite-based SUHI studies, from their origin in 1972 to the present. We find an exponentially increasing trend of SUHI research since 2005, with clear preferences for geographic areas, time of day, seasons, research foci, and platforms/sensors. The most frequently studied region and time period of research are China and summer daytime, respectively. Nearly two-thirds of the studies focus on the SUHI/LST variability at a local scale. The Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)/Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+)/Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) and Terra/Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are the two most commonly-used satellite sensors and account for about 78% of the total publications. We systematically reviewed the main satellite/sensors, methods, key findings, and challenges of the SUHI research. Previous studies confirm that the large spatial (local to global scales) and temporal (diurnal, seasonal, and inter-annual) variations of SUHI are contributed by a variety of factors such as impervious surface area, vegetation cover, landscape structure, albedo, and climate. However, applications of SUHI research are largely impeded by a series of data and methodological limitations. Lastly, we propose key potential directions and opportunities for future efforts. Besides improving the quality and quantity of LST data, more attention should be focused on understudied regions/cities, methods to examine SUHI intensity, inter-annual variability and long-term trends of SUHI, scaling issues of SUHI, the relationship between surface and subsurface UHIs, and the integration of remote sensing with field observations and numeric modeling.

443 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Xin Huang1, Ying Wang1
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the relationship between 2D/3D urban morphology and summer daytime LST in Wuhan, a representative megacity in Central China, which is known for its extremely hot weather in summer, by adopting high-resolution remote sensing data and geographical information data.
Abstract: The Urban heat island (UHI) effect is an increasingly serious problem in urban areas. Information on the driving forces of intra-urban temperature variation is crucial for ameliorating the urban thermal environment. Although prior studies have suggested that urban morphology (e.g., landscape pattern, land-use type) can significantly affect land surface temperature (LST), few studies have explored the comprehensive effect of 2D and 3D urban morphology on LST in different urban functional zones (UFZs), especially at a fine scale. Therefore, in this research, we investigated the relationship between 2D/3D urban morphology and summer daytime LST in Wuhan, a representative megacity in Central China, which is known for its extremely hot weather in summer, by adopting high-resolution remote sensing data and geographical information data. The “urban morphology” in this study consists of 2D urban morphological parameters, 3D urban morphological parameters, and UFZs. Our results show that: (1) The LST is significantly related to 2D and 3D urban morphological parameters, and the scattered distribution of buildings with high rise can facilitate the mitigation of LST. Although sky view factor (SVF) is an important measure of 3D urban geometry, its influence on LST is complicated and context-dependent. (2) Trees are the most influential factor in reducing LST, and the cooling efficiency mainly depends on their proportions. The fragmented and irregular distribution of grass/shrubs also plays a significant role in alleviating LST. (3) With respect to UFZs, the residential zone is the largest heat source, whereas the highest LST appears in commercial and industrial zones. (4) Results of the multivariate regression and variation partitioning indicate that the relative importance of 2D and 3D urban morphological parameters on LST varies among different UFZs and 2D morphology outperforms 3D morphology in LST modulation. The results are generally consistent in spring, summer and autumn. These findings can provide insights for urban planners and designers on how to mitigate the surface UHI (SUHI) effect via rational landscape design and urban management during summer daytime.

241 citations


Cites background or result from "Optimizing green space locations to..."

  • ...It is delineated not only by its spectral and structural features extracted from high-resolution remote sensing images, but also by its socioeconomic functions derived from geographic information data (Zhang et al., 2017a)....

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  • ...…the ecological impacts of different socioeconomic activities and the national standards for land-use classification: residential, industrial, commercial, open space, public service, urban green space, agricultural, forest, river, and lake, as described in Table 2 (MLR, 2017; Zhang et al., 2017a)....

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  • ...UFZs are designated by physical characteristics together with social and economic functions (Zhang et al., 2017a), and have different surface properties (e.g., structure, cover, fabric), and energy consumptions, resulting in their distinct thermal regimes....

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  • ...In this research, however, we found few significant correlations between LST and the spatial configuration of trees, which differs from the findings of some other studies (Maimaitiyiming et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2017b)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The cooling effect of blue-green space has been recognized as a promising approach to mitigate the urban heat island (UHI), while the quantitative role (threshold-size for cooling) is still uncertain this article.

218 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An innovative big data approach to derive street-level morphology and urban feature composition as experienced by a pedestrian from Google Street View (GSV) imagery is developed and constitutes an important step towards building a global morphological database to describe the form and composition of cities from a human-centric perspective.

127 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used spatial/statistical methods to assess the cooling effect of blue-green spaces in different seasons and found that the area and cooling extent and intensity conform a logarithm function with significant correlations except for winter.

125 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
08 Feb 2008-Science
TL;DR: Urban ecology integrates natural and social sciences to study these radically altered local environments and their regional and global effects of an increasingly urbanized world.
Abstract: Urban areas are hot spots that drive environmental change at multiple scales. Material demands of production and human consumption alter land use and cover, biodiversity, and hydrosystems locally to regionally, and urban waste discharge affects local to global biogeochemical cycles and climate. For urbanites, however, global environmental changes are swamped by dramatic changes in the local environment. Urban ecology integrates natural and social sciences to study these radically altered local environments and their regional and global effects. Cities themselves present both the problems and solutions to sustainability challenges of an increasingly urbanized world.

5,096 citations

ReportDOI
TL;DR: McGarigal et al. as mentioned in this paper developed a spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying landscape structure called FRAGSTATS, which is almost completely automated and thus requires little technical training.
Abstract: McGarigal, Kevin; Marks, Barbara J. 1995. FRAGSTATS: spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying landscape structure. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-351. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 122 p. This report describes a program, FRAGSTATS, developed to quantify landscape structure. FRAGSTATS offers a comprehensive choice of landscape metrics and was designed to be as versatile as possible. The program is almost completely automated and thus requires little technical training. Two separate versions of FRAGSTATS exist: one for vector images and one for raster images. The vector version is an Arc/Info AML that accepts Arc/Info polygon coverages. The raster version is a C program that accepts ASCII image files, 8or 16-bit binary image files, Arc/Info SVF files, Erdas image files, and IDRISI image files. Both versions of FRAGSTATS generate the same array of metrics, including a variety of area metrics, patch density, size and variability metrics, edge metrics, shape metrics, core area metrics, diversity metrics, and contagion and interspersion metrics. The raster version also computes several nearest neighbor metrics. In this report, each metric calculated by FRAGSTATS is described in terms of its ecological application and limitations. Example landscapes are included, and a discussion is provided of each metric as it relates to the sample landscapes. Several important concepts and definitions critical to the assessment of landscape structure are discussed. The appendices include a complete list of algorithms, the units and ranges of each metric, examples of the FRAGSTATS output files, and a users guide describing how to install and run FRAGSTATS.

4,315 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed progress in urban climatology over the two decades since the first publication of the International Journal of Climatology (IJC) and highlighted the role of scale, heterogeneity, dynamic source areas for turbulent fluxes and the complexity introduced by the roughness sublayer over the tall, rigid roughness elements of cities.
Abstract: Progress in urban climatology over the two decades since the first publication of the International Journal of Climatology is reviewed. It is emphasized that urban climatology during this period has benefited from conceptual advances made in microclimatology and boundary-layer climatology in general. The role of scale, heterogeneity, dynamic source areas for turbulent fluxes and the complexity introduced by the roughness sublayer over the tall, rigid roughness elements of cities is described. The diversity of urban heat islands, depending on the medium sensed and the sensing technique, is explained. The review focuses on two areas within urban climatology. First, it assesses advances in the study of selected urban climatic processes relating to urban atmospheric turbulence (including surface roughness) and exchange processes for energy and water, at scales of consideration ranging from individual facets of the urban environment, through streets and city blocks to neighbourhoods. Second, it explores the literature on the urban temperature field. The state of knowledge about urban heat islands around 1980 is described and work since then is assessed in terms of similarities to and contrasts with that situation. Finally, the main advances are summarized and recommendations for urban climate work in the future are made. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.

2,723 citations


"Optimizing green space locations to..." refers background in this paper

  • ...This effect has significant implications for sustainability, with consequences for energy and water consumption, emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases, human health, and the emergence of regional heat islands (Arnfield, 2003; Georgescu et al., 2014; Hondula et al., 2012, 2014; Huang, Zhou, & Cadenasso, 2011; Sailor, 2001)....

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  • ...…for sustainability, with consequences for energy and water consumption, emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases, human health, and the emergence of regional heat islands (Arnfield, 2003; Georgescu et al., 2014; Hondula et al., 2012, 2014; Huang, Zhou, & Cadenasso, 2011; Sailor, 2001)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: The use of a maximal service distance as a measure of the value of a given locational configuration has been discussed at length by Toregas and ReVelle 1 who show that it is an important surrogate measurement for the value.
Abstract: The belief that mathematical location modeling can identify "optimal" location patterns rests on the basis that some realistic objective can be identified and by some measure quantified. For example, in the area of private facilities location analysis, a reasonably accurate statement of the objective of locating warehouses is to minimize the costs of manufacturing and distribution. Since most cost elements included in the objectives of private facility location can be reasonably estimated, the models can picture with some degree of accuracy the real location problem they are designed to solve. Unlike private facility location analysis, the objectives of public facility location analysis are more difficult to embrace and to quantify. The difficulty in defining direct measures of public objectives has resulted in a search for some surrogate measure with which the decision maker may be comfortable. Two different surrogate measures which have received attention in location models are: (1) total weighted distance or time for travel to the facilities, and (2) the distance or time that the user most distant from a facility would have to travel to reach that facility, that is, the maximal service distance.* The use of a maximal service distance as a measure of the value of a given locational configuration has been discussed at length by Toregas and ReVelle 1 who show that it is an important surrogate measurement for the value of a given locational configuration. For a given location solution, the maximum distance which any user would have to travel to reach a facility would reflect the worst possible performance of the system. In the regional location of emergency facilities such as fire stations or ambulance dispatching stations, the concept of the maximal service distance is well established. ~,3 The maximal service distance concept appears in the Location Set Covering

2,080 citations


"Optimizing green space locations to..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The approach taken extends the coverage location model of Church and ReVelle (1974) (see also Church &Murray 2009; Murray, Tong, & Kim, 2010) in a number of ways....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the use of thermal remote sensing in the study of urban climates, focusing primarily on the urban heat island effect and progress made towards answering the methodological questions posed by Roth et al.

2,013 citations