Oral pharmacological chaperone migalastat compared with enzyme replacement therapy in Fabry disease: 18-month results from the randomised phase III ATTRACT study
Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust1, Royal Melbourne Hospital2, Emory University3, Medical University of Vienna4, Oregon Health & Science University5, Boston Children's Hospital6, Osaka City University7, Jikei University School of Medicine8, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin9, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust10, Niigata University11, Royal Perth Hospital12, Université de Montréal13, Baylor University14, Amicus Therapeutics15, Copenhagen University Hospital16
TL;DR: Migalastat offers promise as a first-in-class oral monotherapy alternative treatment to intravenous ERT for patients with Fabry disease and amenable mutations.
Abstract: Background Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by GLA mutations, resulting in α-galactosidase (α-Gal) deficiency and accumulation of lysosomal substrates. Migalastat, an oral pharmacological chaperone being developed as an alternative to intravenous enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), stabilises specific mutant ( amenable ) forms of α-Gal to facilitate normal lysosomal trafficking. Methods The main objective of the 18-month, randomised, active-controlled ATTRACT study was to assess the effects of migalastat on renal function in patients with Fabry disease previously treated with ERT. Effects on heart, disease substrate, patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and safety were also assessed. Results Fifty-seven adults (56% female) receiving ERT (88% had multiorgan disease) were randomised (1.5:1), based on a preliminary cell-based assay of responsiveness to migalastat, to receive 18 months open-label migalastat or remain on ERT. Four patients had non-amenable mutant forms of α-Gal based on the validated cell-based assay conducted after treatment initiation and were excluded from primary efficacy analyses only. Migalastat and ERT had similar effects on renal function. Left ventricular mass index decreased significantly with migalastat treatment (−6.6 g/m 2 (−11.0 to −2.2)); there was no significant change with ERT. Predefined renal, cardiac or cerebrovascular events occurred in 29% and 44% of patients in the migalastat and ERT groups, respectively. Plasma globotriaosylsphingosine remained low and stable following the switch from ERT to migalastat. PROs were comparable between groups. Migalastat was generally safe and well tolerated. Conclusions Migalastat offers promise as a first-in-class oral monotherapy alternative treatment to intravenous ERT for patients with Fabry disease and amenable mutations. Trial registration number: NCT00925301; Pre-results.
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French Institute of Health and Medical Research1, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai2, University of Minnesota3, Baylor College of Medicine4, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center5, Emory University6, Charles University in Prague7, University of Sunderland8, University of Alabama at Birmingham9
TL;DR: Management of adult patients with Fabry disease depends on a personalized approach to care, reflecting the natural history of the specific disease phenotype, as well as thorough routine monitoring for evidence of organ involvement in non-classic asymptomatic patients and response to therapy in treated patients.
319 citations
TL;DR: This Review critically analyses progress and opportunities for therapeutically targeting lysosomal proteins and processes, particularly with small molecules and peptide drugs in autoimmune disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.
Abstract: Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles with roles in processes involved in degrading and recycling cellular waste, cellular signalling and energy metabolism. Defects in genes encoding lysosomal proteins cause lysosomal storage disorders, in which enzyme replacement therapy has proved successful. Growing evidence also implicates roles for lysosomal dysfunction in more common diseases including inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and metabolic disorders. With a focus on lysosomal dysfunction in autoimmune disorders and neurodegenerative diseases - including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease - this Review critically analyses progress and opportunities for therapeutically targeting lysosomal proteins and processes, particularly with small molecules and peptide drugs.
309 citations
Cites background from "Oral pharmacological chaperone miga..."
...Other GCS inhibitors in clinical devel opment include lucerastat, a miglustat analogue with an improved safety profile that is currently in a phase III trial for Fabry disease (FD) 236, 286 , and ibiglustat, which penetrates the CNS....
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TL;DR: The successes and limitations of the earlier phases of genomics in drug discovery and development are examined and the current major efforts in precision medicine are reviewed and the potential broader utility of mechanistically guided treatments going forward are discussed.
Abstract: For the past three decades, the use of genomics to inform drug discovery and development pipelines has generated both excitement and scepticism. Although earlier efforts successfully identified some new drug targets, the overall clinical efficacy of developed drugs has remained unimpressive, owing in large part to the heterogeneous causes of disease. Recent technological and analytical advances in genomics, however, have now made it possible to rapidly identify and interpret the genetic variation underlying a single patient's disease, thereby providing a window into patient-specific mechanisms that cause or contribute to disease, which could ultimately enable the 'precise' targeting of these mechanisms. Here, we first examine and highlight the successes and limitations of the earlier phases of genomics in drug discovery and development. We then review the current major efforts in precision medicine and discuss the potential broader utility of mechanistically guided treatments going forward.
272 citations
TL;DR: Despite ongoing challenges, various therapeutic strategies for LSDs now exist, with many agents approved, undergoing clinical trials or in preclinical development.
Abstract: Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) - designated as 'orphan' diseases - are inborn errors of metabolism caused by defects in genes that encode proteins involved in various aspects of lysosomal homeostasis. For many years, LSDs were viewed as unattractive targets for the development of therapies owing to their low prevalence. However, the development and success of the first commercial biologic therapy for an LSD - enzyme replacement therapy for type 1 Gaucher disease - coupled with regulatory incentives rapidly catalysed commercial interest in therapeutically targeting LSDs. Despite ongoing challenges, various therapeutic strategies for LSDs now exist, with many agents approved, undergoing clinical trials or in preclinical development.
181 citations
University of Belgrade1, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts2, Sheba Medical Center3, Rabin Medical Center4, Karolinska University Hospital5, Greifswald University Hospital6, Foundation University, Islamabad7, University of Padua8, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens9, Charles University in Prague10, National Institutes of Health11, University of Zagreb12, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg13, Hacettepe University14, Dokuz Eylül University15, University of London16, Brigham and Women's Hospital17, University of Zurich18, Vilnius University19, Linköping University20, University Hospital of Basel21, Queen's University Belfast22, The Volgograd State Medical University23, University of Brescia24, Heidelberg University25, University of Hasselt26, University Medical Center Groningen27, Charité28, University of Bologna29, St George's, University of London30, University of Warwick31
TL;DR: E epidemiology, pathophysiology, natural history and latest developments in treatment of HF in patients with dilated (DCM), hypertrophic (HCM) and restrictive (RCM) cardiomyopathies are focused on.
Abstract: Cardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of heart muscle diseases and an important cause of heart failure (HF). Current knowledge on incidence, pathophysiology and natural history of HF in cardiomyopathies is limited, and distinct features of their therapeutic responses have not been systematically addressed. Therefore, this position paper focuses on epidemiology, pathophysiology, natural history and latest developments in treatment of HF in patients with dilated (DCM), hypertrophic (HCM) and restrictive (RCM) cardiomyopathies. In DCM, HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) has high incidence and prevalence and represents the most frequent cause of death, despite improvements in treatment. In addition, advanced HF in DCM is one of the leading indications for heart transplantation. In HCM, HF with preserved ejection (HFpEF) affects most patients with obstructive, and ∼10% of patients with non-obstructive HCM. A timely treatment is important, since development of advanced HF, although rare in HCM, portends a poor prognosis. In RCM, HFpEF is common, while HFrEF occurs later and more frequently in amyloidosis or iron overload/haemochromatosis. Irrespective of RCM aetiology, HF is a harbinger of a poor outcome. Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of HF in cardiomyopathies have significant implications for therapeutic decision-making. In addition, new aetiology-specific treatment options (e.g. enzyme replacement therapy, transthyretin stabilizers, immunoadsorption, immunotherapy, etc.) have shown a potential to improve outcomes. Still, causative therapies of many cardiomyopathies are lacking, highlighting the need for the development of effective strategies to prevent and treat HF in cardiomyopathies.
181 citations
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TL;DR: FABRY'S disease is a hereditary systemic disorder that was first recognized in affected males as a disease characterized by multiple small dark-purple macules and papules in the umbilical region.
Abstract: FABRY'S disease is a hereditary systemic disorder that was first recognized in affected males as a disease characterized by multiple small dark-purple macules and papules in the umbilical region, s...
980 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that the later-onset phenotype of Fabry disease is underdiagnosed among males with cardiac, cerebrovascular, and/or renal disease and raises ethical issues related to when screening should be performed--in the neonatal period or at early maturity, perhaps in conjunction with screening for other treatable adult-ONSet disorders.
Abstract: The classic phenotype of Fabry disease, X-linked alpha -galactosidase A (alpha -Gal A) deficiency, has an estimated incidence of approximately 1 in 50,000 males. The recent recognition of later-onset variants suggested that this treatable lysosomal disease is more frequent. To determine the disease incidence, we undertook newborn screening by assaying the alpha-Gal A activity in blood spots from 37,104 consecutive Italian male neonates. Enzyme-deficient infants were retested, and "doubly screened-positive" infants and their relatives were diagnostically confirmed by enzyme and mutation analyses. Twelve (0.03%) neonates had deficient alpha-Gal A activities and specific mutations, including four novel missense mutations (M51I, E66G, A73V, and R118C), three missense mutations (F113L, A143T, and N215S) identified previously in later-onset patients, and one splicing defect (IVS5(+1G-->T)) reported in a patient with the classic phenotype. Molecular modeling and in vitro overexpression of the missense mutations demonstrated structures and residual activities, which were rescued/enhanced by an alpha-Gal A-specific pharmacologic chaperone, consistent with mutations that cause the later-onset phenotype. Family studies revealed undiagnosed Fabry disease in affected individuals. In this population, the incidence of alpha-Gal A deficiency was 1 in approximately 3,100, with an 11 : 1 ratio of patients with the later-onset : classic phenotypes. If only known disease-causing mutations were included, the incidence would be 1 in approximately 4,600, with a 7 : 1 ratio of patients with the later-onset : classic phenotypes. These results suggest that the later-onset phenotype of Fabry disease is underdiagnosed among males with cardiac, cerebrovascular, and/or renal disease. Recognition of these patients would permit family screening and earlier therapeutic intervention. However, the higher incidence of the later-onset phenotype in patients raises ethical issues related to when screening should be performed--in the neonatal period or at early maturity, perhaps in conjunction with screening for other treatable adult-onset disorders.
853 citations