Orthography and Word Recognition in Reading
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3,642Â citations
Cites background from "Orthography and Word Recognition in..."
...Studies of the role of syllables and morphemes in visual word recognition have yielded inconsistent results, with some yielding evidence for decomposition into these components, whereas others have not (see Henderson, 1982; Seidenberg, 1989, for reviews). These inconsistent results may indicate that what is relevant to processing is not syllables or morphemes, but properties of words that are correlated with these structures. As we ohserved at the beginning of this article, syllables and morphemes are inconsistently realized in English orthography. Just as the properties of written English make it difficult to formulate a set of rules governing orthographic-phonological correspondences, they also make it difficult to formulate parsing rules that will yield the correct decomposition into component parts. Moreover, there has been little agreement among linguists concerning the definition of the syllable (see Hoard, 1971; Kahn, 1976; Seidenberg, 1987; Selkirk, 1980). The inconsistency of spelling-sound correspondences in English led us to abandon the notion of mapping rules in favor of weighted connections between units; the analogous inconsistencies in terms of syllables and morphemes might require abandoning parsing rules for the same reason. At the same time, the orthography does provide cues to syllabic and morphological structures. Morphemes, for example, are sublexical components that recur in a large number of words. As such they tend to be very high frequency spelling patterns. Consider, for example, a prefix such as PRE-, which recurs at the beginning of a large number of words. Empirical studies have suggested that the prefix and stem of a word act as perceptual groups (Taft, 1985). Does this grouping occur because the reader decomposes the word into morphemic components or because prefixes tend to be extremely high-frequency spelling patterns? Similar considerations hold in the case of syllables. The syllabic structures of words will tend to be realized in the orthography by inhomogencities in the distributions of letters because syllables are properties of the spoken language and the orthography is alphabetic. Hence, "syllabic" effects could occur in word recognition not because readers recover syllabic structures per se, but only because they are affected by orthographic properties that are correlated with syllables. In sum, the hypothesis is that effects of units such as syllables and morphemes in visual word recognition are secondary to facts about how these units are realized in the writing system. Thus, effects of these structures would be an emergent property of a model, like ours, that only encodes facts about orthographic redundancy and orthographic-phonological regularity. We are currently examining this hypothesis (see Seidenberg, 1987, 1989, for discussion). There is already some suggestive evidence in this regard. Treiman and Chafetz (1987) have shown that subjects are sensitive to the division of syllables into onset and rime....
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..., frequency, orthographic redundancy, orthographic-phonological regularity) that influence access to lexical representations and then meaning (Henderson, 1982; McCusker, Hillinger, & Bias, 1981)....
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2,600Â citations
Cites background from "Orthography and Word Recognition in..."
...Furthermore, the semantic representation of a word participates in oral reading in exactly the same manner as do its orthographic and phonological representations, although the framework leaves open the issue of how important these semantic influences are in skilled oral reading....
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...Lexicalanalogy theories (Henderson, 1982; Marcel, 1980) dispense with the sublexical procedure, and propose that the lexical procedure can pronounce nonwords by synthesizing the pronunciations of orthographically similar words....
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2,274Â citations
Cites background from "Orthography and Word Recognition in..."
...reading, such being augmented, as practice accumulates, by a more direct graphemically-based system (for a review, see Henderson 1982 )....
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1,311Â citations
Additional excerpts
...The issue of spelling–sound regularity or consistency is a complex one that has spawned voluminous research (Brown, 1987; Henderson, 1982, 1985; Humphreys & Evett, 1985; Kay & Bishop, 1987; Patterson, Marshall, & Coltheart, 1985; Rayner & Pollatsek, 1989; Rosson, 1985; Seidenberg, Waters, Barnes, & Tanenhaus, 1984; Venezky & Massaro, 1987)....
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1,143Â citations
Cites methods from "Orthography and Word Recognition in..."
...unconscious priming has been promptly integrated into current conceptions of information processing by some authors (e.g., Allport 1980; Henderson 1982)....
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