Outline of a New Approach to the Analysis of Complex Systems and Decision Processes
01 Jan 1973-Vol. 3, Iss: 1, pp 28-44
TL;DR: By relying on the use of linguistic variables and fuzzy algorithms, the approach provides an approximate and yet effective means of describing the behavior of systems which are too complex or too ill-defined to admit of precise mathematical analysis.
Abstract: The approach described in this paper represents a substantive departure from the conventional quantitative techniques of system analysis. It has three main distinguishing features: 1) use of so-called ``linguistic'' variables in place of or in addition to numerical variables; 2) characterization of simple relations between variables by fuzzy conditional statements; and 3) characterization of complex relations by fuzzy algorithms. A linguistic variable is defined as a variable whose values are sentences in a natural or artificial language. Thus, if tall, not tall, very tall, very very tall, etc. are values of height, then height is a linguistic variable. Fuzzy conditional statements are expressions of the form IF A THEN B, where A and B have fuzzy meaning, e.g., IF x is small THEN y is large, where small and large are viewed as labels of fuzzy sets. A fuzzy algorithm is an ordered sequence of instructions which may contain fuzzy assignment and conditional statements, e.g., x = very small, IF x is small THEN Y is large. The execution of such instructions is governed by the compositional rule of inference and the rule of the preponderant alternative. By relying on the use of linguistic variables and fuzzy algorithms, the approach provides an approximate and yet effective means of describing the behavior of systems which are too complex or too ill-defined to admit of precise mathematical analysis.
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01 May 1993
TL;DR: The architecture and learning procedure underlying ANFIS (adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system) is presented, which is a fuzzy inference System implemented in the framework of adaptive networks.
Abstract: The architecture and learning procedure underlying ANFIS (adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system) is presented, which is a fuzzy inference system implemented in the framework of adaptive networks. By using a hybrid learning procedure, the proposed ANFIS can construct an input-output mapping based on both human knowledge (in the form of fuzzy if-then rules) and stipulated input-output data pairs. In the simulation, the ANFIS architecture is employed to model nonlinear functions, identify nonlinear components on-line in a control system, and predict a chaotic time series, all yielding remarkable results. Comparisons with artificial neural networks and earlier work on fuzzy modeling are listed and discussed. Other extensions of the proposed ANFIS and promising applications to automatic control and signal processing are also suggested. >
15,085 citations
Cites background from "Outline of a New Approach to the An..."
...where pressure and volume are linguistic variables [67], high and small are linguistic values or labels that are characterized by membership functions....
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TL;DR: Much of what constitutes the core of scientific knowledge may be regarded as a reservoir of concepts and techniques which can be drawn upon to construct mathematical models of various types of systems and thereby yield quantitative information concerning their behavior.
12,530 citations
Cites background from "Outline of a New Approach to the An..."
...It may be argued, as we have done in [6] and [7] , that the ineffectiveness of computers in dealing with humanistic systems is a manifestation of what might be called the principle of incompatibility-a principle which asserts that high precision is incompatible with high complexity....
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01 Aug 1999-International Journal of Human-computer Studies \/ International Journal of Man-machine Studies
TL;DR: Fuzzy logic is used to convert heuristic control rules stated by a human operator into an automatic control strategy, and the control strategy set up linguistically proved to be far better than expected in its own right.
Abstract: This paper describes an experiment on the “linguistic” synthesis of a controller for a model industrial plant (a steam engine). Fuzzy logic is used to convert heuristic control rules stated by a human operator into an automatic control strategy. The experiment was initiated to investigate the possibility of human interaction with a learning controller. However, the control strategy set up linguistically proved to be far better than expected in its own right, and the basic experiment of linguistic control synthesis in a non-learning controller is reported here.
6,392 citations
01 Apr 1990
TL;DR: The basic aspects of the FLC (fuzzy logic controller) decision-making logic are examined and several issues, including the definitions of a fuzzy implication, compositional operators, the interpretations of the sentence connectives 'and' and 'also', and fuzzy inference mechanisms, are investigated.
Abstract: For pt.I see ibid., vol.20, no.2, p.404-18, 1990. The basic aspects of the FLC (fuzzy logic controller) decision-making logic are examined. Several issues, including the definitions of a fuzzy implication, compositional operators, the interpretations of the sentence connectives 'and' and 'also', and fuzzy inference mechanisms, are investigated. Defuzzification strategies, are discussed. Some of the representative applications of the FLC, from laboratory level to industrial process control, are briefly reported. Some unsolved problems are described, and further challenges in this field are discussed. >
5,502 citations
Book•
01 Dec 1994
TL;DR: This chapter discusses Fuzzy Systems Simulation, specifically the development of Membership Functions and the Extension Principle, and some of the methods used to derive these functions.
Abstract: About the Author. Preface to the Third Edition. 1 Introduction. The Case for Imprecision. A Historical Perspective. The Utility of Fuzzy Systems. Limitations of Fuzzy Systems. The Illusion: Ignoring Uncertainty and Accuracy. Uncertainty and Information. The Unknown. Fuzzy Sets and Membership. Chance Versus Fuzziness. Sets as Points in Hypercubes. Summary. References. Problems. 2 Classical Sets and Fuzzy Sets. Classical Sets. Operations on Classical Sets. Properties of Classical (Crisp) Sets. Mapping of Classical Sets to Functions. Fuzzy Sets. Fuzzy Set Operations. Properties of Fuzzy Sets. Alternative Fuzzy Set Operations. Summary. References. Problems. 3 Classical Relations and Fuzzy Relations. Cartesian Product. Crisp Relations. Cardinality of Crisp Relations. Operations on Crisp Relations. Properties of Crisp Relations. Composition. Fuzzy Relations. Cardinality of Fuzzy Relations. Operations on Fuzzy Relations. Properties of Fuzzy Relations. Fuzzy Cartesian Product and Composition. Tolerance and Equivalence Relations. Crisp Equivalence Relation. Crisp Tolerance Relation. Fuzzy Tolerance and Equivalence Relations. Value Assignments. Cosine Amplitude. Max Min Method. Other Similarity Methods. Other Forms of the Composition Operation. Summary. References. Problems. 4 Properties of Membership Functions, Fuzzification, and Defuzzification. Features of the Membership Function. Various Forms. Fuzzification. Defuzzification to Crisp Sets. -Cuts for Fuzzy Relations. Defuzzification to Scalars. Summary. References. Problems. 5 Logic and Fuzzy Systems. Part I Logic. Classical Logic. Proof. Fuzzy Logic. Approximate Reasoning. Other Forms of the Implication Operation. Part II Fuzzy Systems. Natural Language. Linguistic Hedges. Fuzzy (Rule-Based) Systems. Graphical Techniques of Inference. Summary. References. Problems. 6 Development of Membership Functions. Membership Value Assignments. Intuition. Inference. Rank Ordering. Neural Networks. Genetic Algorithms. Inductive Reasoning. Summary. References. Problems. 7 Automated Methods for Fuzzy Systems. Definitions. Batch Least Squares Algorithm. Recursive Least Squares Algorithm. Gradient Method. Clustering Method. Learning From Examples. Modified Learning From Examples. Summary. References. Problems. 8 Fuzzy Systems Simulation. Fuzzy Relational Equations. Nonlinear Simulation Using Fuzzy Systems. Fuzzy Associative Memories (FAMS). Summary. References. Problems. 9 Decision Making with Fuzzy Information. Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation. Fuzzy Ordering. Nontransitive Ranking. Preference and Consensus. Multiobjective Decision Making. Fuzzy Bayesian Decision Method. Decision Making Under Fuzzy States and Fuzzy Actions. Summary. References. Problems. 10 Fuzzy Classification. Classification by Equivalence Relations. Crisp Relations. Fuzzy Relations. Cluster Analysis. Cluster Validity. c-Means Clustering. Hard c-Means (HCM). Fuzzy c-Means (FCM). Fuzzy c-Means Algorithm. Classification Metric. Hardening the Fuzzy c-Partition. Similarity Relations from Clustering. Summary. References. Problems. 11 Fuzzy Pattern Recognition. Feature Analysis. Partitions of the Feature Space. Single-Sample Identification. Multifeature Pattern Recognition. Image Processing. Summary. References. Problems. 12 Fuzzy Arithmetic and the Extension Principle. Extension Principle. Crisp Functions, Mapping, and Relations. Functions of Fuzzy Sets Extension Principle. Fuzzy Transform (Mapping). Practical Considerations. Fuzzy Arithmetic. Interval Analysis in Arithmetic. Approximate Methods of Extension. Vertex Method. DSW Algorithm. Restricted DSW Algorithm. Comparisons. Summary. References. Problems. 13 Fuzzy Control Systems. Control System Design Problem. Control (Decision) Surface. Assumptions in a Fuzzy Control System Design. Simple Fuzzy Logic Controllers. Examples of Fuzzy Control System Design. Aircraft Landing Control Problem. Fuzzy Engineering Process Control. Classical Feedback Control. Fuzzy Control. Fuzzy Statistical Process Control. Measurement Data Traditional SPC. Attribute Data Traditional SPC. Industrial Applications. Summary. References. Problems. 14 Miscellaneous Topics. Fuzzy Optimization. One-Dimensional Optimization. Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping. Concept Variables and Causal Relations. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps. Agent-Based Models. Summary. References. Problems. 15 Monotone Measures: Belief, Plausibility, Probability, and Possibility. Monotone Measures. Belief and Plausibility. Evidence Theory. Probability Measures. Possibility and Necessity Measures. Possibility Distributions as Fuzzy Sets. Possibility Distributions Derived from Empirical Intervals. Deriving Possibility Distributions from Overlapping Intervals. Redistributing Weight from Nonconsonant to Consonant Intervals. Comparison of Possibility Theory and Probability Theory. Summary. References. Problems. Index.
4,958 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1970TL;DR: A reverse-flow technique is described for the solution of a functional equation arising in connection with a decision process in which the termination time is defined implicitly by the condition that the process stops when the system under control enters a specified set of states in its state space.
Abstract: By decision-making in a fuzzy environment is meant a decision process in which the goals and/or the constraints, but not necessarily the system under control, are fuzzy in nature. This means that the goals and/or the constraints constitute classes of alternatives whose boundaries are not sharply defined.
An example of a fuzzy constraint is: “The cost of A should not be substantially higher than α,” where α is a specified constant. Similarly, an example of a fuzzy goal is: “x should be in the vicinity of x0,” where x0 is a constant. The italicized words are the sources of fuzziness in these examples.
Fuzzy goals and fuzzy constraints can be defined precisely as fuzzy sets in the space of alternatives. A fuzzy decision, then, may be viewed as an intersection of the given goals and constraints. A maximizing decision is defined as a point in the space of alternatives at which the membership function of a fuzzy decision attains its maximum value.
The use of these concepts is illustrated by examples involving multistage decision processes in which the system under control is either deterministic or stochastic. By using dynamic programming, the determination of a maximizing decision is reduced to the solution of a system of functional equations. A reverse-flow technique is described for the solution of a functional equation arising in connection with a decision process in which the termination time is defined implicitly by the condition that the process stops when the system under control enters a specified set of states in its state space.
6,919 citations
TL;DR: An extended version of Szpilrajn's theorem is proved and various properties of similarity relations and fuzzy orderings are investigated and, as an illustration, a fuzzy preordering is investigated which is reflexive and antisymmetric.
2,524 citations
"Outline of a New Approach to the An..." refers background in this paper
...IJB(y), for these compositions may be found in [2]....
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TL;DR: A functional defined on the class of generalized characteristic functions (fuzzy sets), called “entropy≓, is introduced using no probabilistic concepts in order to obtain a global measure of the indefiniteness connected with the situations described by fuzzy sets.
Abstract: A functional defined on the class of generalized characteristic functions (fuzzy sets), called “entropy≓, is introduced using no probabilistic concepts in order to obtain a global measure of the indefiniteness connected with the situations described by fuzzy sets. This “entropy≓ may be regarded as a measure of a quantity of information which is not necessarily related to random experiments. Some mathematical properties of this functional are analyzed and some considerations on its applicability to pattern analysis are made.
2,024 citations
TL;DR: Students of language, especially psychologists and linguistic philosophers, have long been attuned to the fact that natural language concepts have vague boundaries and fuzzy edges and that, consequently, natural language sentences will very often be neither true, nor false, nor nonsensical.
Abstract: Logicians have, by and large, engaged in the convenient fiction that sentences of natural languages (at least declarative sentences) are either true or false or, at worst, lack a truth value, or have a third value often interpreted as ‘nonsense’. And most contemporary linguists who have thought seriously about semantics, especially formal semantics, have largely shared this fiction, primarily for lack of a sensible alternative. Yet students of language, especially psychologists and linguistic philosophers, have long been attuned to the fact that natural language concepts have vague boundaries and fuzzy edges and that, consequently, natural language sentences will very often be neither true, nor false, nor nonsensical, but rather true to a certain extent and false to a certain extent, true in certain respects and false in other respects.
1,284 citations
Book•
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01 Aug 1996
TL;DR: A fuzzy algorithm is introduced which, though fuzzy rather than precise in nature, may eventually prove to be of use in a wide variety of problems relating to information processing, control, pattern recognition, system identification, artificial intelligence and, more generally, decision processes involving incomplete or uncertain data.
Abstract: Unlike most papers in Information and Control, our note contains no theorems and no proofs. Essentially, its purpose is to introduce a basic concept which, though fuzzy rather than precise in nature, may eventually prove to be of use in a wide variety of problems relating to information processing, control, pattern recognition, system identification, artificial intelligence and, more generally, decision processes involving incomplete or uncertain data. The concept in question will be called a fuzzy algorithm because it may be viewed as a generalization, through the process of fuzzification, of the conventional (nonfuzzy) conception of an algorithm. More specifically, unlike a nonfuzzy deterministic or nondeterministic algorithm (Floyd, 1967), a fuzzy algorithm may contain fuzzy statements, that is, statements containing names of fuzzy sets (Zadeh, 1965), by which we mean classes in which there may be grades of membership intermediate between full membership and nonmembership. To illustrate, fuzzy algorithms may contain fuzzy instructions such as:
971 citations
"Outline of a New Approach to the An..." refers background or methods in this paper
...A formal characterization of the concept of a fuzzy algorithm can be given in terms of the notion of a fuzzy Turing machine or a fuzzy Markoff algorithm [6], [7], [8]....
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...Essentially, a fuzzy algorithm [6] is an ordered sequence of instructions ( Jike a computer program) in which some of the instructions may contain labels of fuzzy sets....
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...what basis will such a number be chosen? As pointed out in [6], it is reasonable to assume that the result of execution will be that element of the fuzzy set which has the highest grade of membership in it....
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