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Journal Article

Overlapping sets of transcripts from host and non-host interactions of tomato are expressed early during non-host resistance

01 Jan 2014-Plant Omics (Southern Cross Publishing)-Vol. 7, Iss: 1, pp 19-27
TL;DR: This is the first report of transcriptome profile in tomato during non-host interactions against M. grisea, and it is identified that the pathway involved in synthesis of volatile compounds like 2-phenylethanol was induced during NHR in tomato.
Abstract: Natural immunity present in all the plants against most of the pathogens is called as non-host resistance (NHR). Although NHR is most durable form of resistance, it was less studied compared to other forms of resistance. We compared transcriptional changes in tomato during non-host ('Magnaporthe grisea') and compatible ('Alternaria alternata' f. sp. 'lycopersici') interactions using Agilent microarray GeneChip containing 44,000 probe sets. The experiment was designed to understand the early and late responses of tomato leaves inoculated with non-host and compatible pathogens. Microarray data revealed that the expression profiles in the non- host and compatible interactions at 6 h post inoculation (hpi) and 24 hpi largely overlapped indicating that a set of genes are activated during plant-pathogen interaction. However, these genes were expressed much earlier in NHR compared to a compatible interaction. NHR is, therefore, an accelerated and amplified basal defense response. Transcripts involved in energy production (carbohydrate metabolism and photosynthesis) were down-regulated, whereas transcripts associated with catabolic processes (starch and sucrose hydrolysis) were up-regulated in both the interactions at 6 and 24 hpi. We have also identified that the pathway involved in synthesis of volatile compounds like 2-phenylethanol was induced during NHR in tomato. This is the first report of transcriptome profile in tomato during non-host interactions against M. grisea.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Use of H-CSNPs is effective for sustained-release of harpinPss and provides resistance for prolonged duration and Transcripts of several genes involved in defense response were differentially expressed in har pinPss, CSNPs and H- CSNP treatments, indicating the role of JA pathway in triggering harpin-mediated defense responses.

52 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The regulatory networks were inferred using MCoA and correlation analysis to reveal the relationships among the expression of transcripts, proteins, and metabolites that highlight the corresponding elements of these core metabolic pathways in drought-resistant annual ryegrass.
Abstract: Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) is a commercially important, widely distributed forage crop that is used in the production of hay and silage worldwide. Drought has been a severe environmental constraint in its production. Nevertheless, only a handful of studies have examined the impact of short-term drought stress on annual ryegrass. The aim of this study was to explore how stress-induced core metabolic processes enhance drought tolerance, or adaptation to drought, in annual ryegrass. We profiled the transcriptomes, proteomes, and metabolomes of two annual ryegrass genotypes: the drought-resistant genotype “Abundant 10” and drought-susceptible genotype “Adrenalin 11.” We identified differentially expressed metabolites and their corresponding proteins and transcripts that are involved in 23 core metabolic processes, in response to short-term drought stress. Protein–gene–metabolite correlation networks were built to reveal the relationships between the expression of transcripts, proteins, and metabolites in drought-resistant annual ryegrass. Furthermore, integrated metabolic pathways were used to observe changes in enzymes corresponding with levels of amino acids, lipids, carbohydrate conjugates, nucleosides, alkaloids and their derivatives, and pyridines and their derivatives. The resulting omics data underscored the significance of 23 core metabolic processes on the enhancement of drought tolerance or adaptation to drought in annual ryegrass. The regulatory networks were inferred using MCoA and correlation analysis to reveal the relationships among the expression of transcripts, proteins, and metabolites that highlight the corresponding elements of these core metabolic pathways. Our results provide valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms of drought resistance, and represent a promising strategy toward the improvement of drought tolerance in annual ryegrass.

29 citations


Cites background from "Overlapping sets of transcripts fro..."

  • ...Uma and Podile [40] reported that the transcripts encoding 9-LOX and a 9-LOX-derived compound, colnelenic acid, are...

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  • ...Uma and Podile [40] reported that the transcripts encoding 9-LOX and a 9-LOX-derived compound, colnelenic acid, are significantly upregulated in resistant host tomato plants....

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  • ...Uma B, Podile AR. Overlapping sets of transcripts from host and non-host interactions of tomato are expressed early during non-host resistance....

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01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: Buckwheat extracts increased the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in tomato and maize tissues, which may be related to the activation of the adaptation mechanism to stressful conditions.
Abstract: The aim of the work was to evaluate the allelopathic effect of water extracts from the above-ground parts of the seedlings of control buckwheat and buckwheat treated with methyl jasmonate vapours (JA-Me), as well as extracts enriched with 2-phenylethylamine (PEA) and its metabolites: phenylacetic acid (PAA) and 2-phenylethanol (PE), on the growth of the seedlings of dicotyledonous (tomato, radish and watercress) and monocotyledonous vegetables (maize) Also their effect on the level of phenolic compounds and flavonoids was determined, as well as the degree of lipid peroxidation in acceptor plant tissues In all the cases, plant growth inhibition was noted, and the effect differed in relation to the applied extract, the studied species, and the duration of allelochemical stress Application of JA-Me caused an increase in the content of phenolic compounds and, as an effect, the allelopathic potential of buckwheat tissues Generally, the roots of the tested acceptor plants were more susceptible to the effect of the studied extracts than the above-ground parts In the case of maize, the addition of PEA, PAA, and PE strongly inhibited the growth of both the roots and the above-ground plant parts Different phenomenon occurred, on the other hand, in tomato roots, the growth of which was stimulated by PE Buckwheat extracts also caused enhancement in lipid peroxidation in maize, although adding PEA, PAA, and PE limited the process Buckwheat extracts also increased the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in tomato and maize tissues, which may be related to the activation of the adaptation mechanism to stressful conditions

4 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that reduced levels of cellulose synthesis, caused by mutations in cellulose synthase genes and in genes affecting cell expansion, activate lignin synthesis and defense responses through jasmonate and ethylene and other signaling pathways.
Abstract: The cell wall determines the shape of plant cells and is also the primary interface for pathogen interactions. The structure of the cell wall can be modified in response to developmental and environmental cues, for example to strengthen the wall and to create barriers to pathogen ingress. The ectopic lignin 1-1 and 1-2 (eli1-1 and eli1-2) mutations lead to an aberrant deposition of lignin, a complex phenylpropanoid polymer. We show that the eli1 mutants occur in the cellulose synthase gene CESA3 in Arabidopsis thaliana and cause reduced cellulose synthesis, providing further evidence for the function of multiple CESA subunits in cellulose synthesis. We show that reduced levels of cellulose synthesis, caused by mutations in cellulose synthase genes and in genes affecting cell expansion, activate lignin synthesis and defense responses through jasmonate and ethylene and other signaling pathways. These observations suggest that mechanisms monitoring cell wall integrity can activate lignification and defense responses.

434 citations


"Overlapping sets of transcripts fro..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Loss-of-function or treatment with inhibitors of CESA3, which leads to decrease in the cellulose content of the wall, causes constitutive expression of genes of JA/ET signaling or results in production of lignin in response to pathogen attack or wounding (Caño-Delgado et al., 2003; Ellis et al., 2002)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Regulation of these genes provides a molecular signature for Arabidopsis basal defense to plant and human pathogenic bacteria, and illustrates both common and distinct global virulence effects of the TTSS, COR, and possibly other hrp-regulated virulence factors during Pst DC3000 infection.
Abstract: Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst) is a virulent pathogen that causes disease on tomato and Arabidopsis. The type III secretion system (TTSS) plays a key role in pathogenesis by translocating virulence effectors from the bacteria into the plant host cell, while the phytotoxin coronatine (COR) contributes to virulence and disease symptom development. Recent studies suggest that both the TTSS and COR are involved in the suppression of host basal defenses. However, little is known about the interplay between the host gene expression changes associated with basal defenses and the virulence activities of the TTSS and COR during infection. In this study, we used the Affymetrix full genome chip to determine the Arabidopsis transcriptome associated with basal defense to Pst DC3000 hrp mutants and the human pathogenic bacterium Escherichia coli O157:H7. We then used Pst DC3000 virulence mutants to characterize Arabidopsis transcriptional responses to the action of hrp-regulated virulence factors (e.g. TTSS and COR) during bacterial infection. Additionally, we used bacterial fliC mutants to assess the role of the pathogen-associated molecular pattern flagellin in induction of basal defense-associated transcriptional responses. In total, our global gene expression analysis identified 2800 Arabidopsis genes that are reproducibly regulated in response to bacterial pathogen inoculation. Regulation of these genes provides a molecular signature for Arabidopsis basal defense to plant and human pathogenic bacteria, and illustrates both common and distinct global virulence effects of the TTSS, COR, and possibly other hrp-regulated virulence factors during Pst DC3000 infection.

362 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Besides establishing a biosynthetic route for 2-phenylethanol and other phenylalanine-derived volatiles in tomato fruits and a small family of decarboxylases that can mediate that pathway's first step, these results show that it is possible to change phenylAlanine-based flavor and aroma volatile in plants by manipulating expression of a single gene.
Abstract: An important phenylalanine-derived volatile compound produced by plants is 2-phenylethanol. It is a major contributor to flavor in many foods, including fresh fruits, such as tomato, and an insect-attracting scent in roses and many other flowers. Despite the centrality of 2-phenylethanol to flavor and fragrance, the plant genes responsible for its synthesis have not been identified. Here, we describe a biosynthetic pathway for 2-phenylethanol and other phenylalanine-derived volatiles in tomato fruits and a small family of decarboxylases (LeAADC1A, LeAADC1B, and LeAADC2) that can mediate that pathway's first step. These enzymes each catalyze conversion of phenylalanine to phenethylamine and tyrosine to tyramine. Although tyrosine is the preferred substrate in vitro, phenylalanine levels in tomato fruits far exceed those of tyrosine, indicating that phenylalanine is a physiological substrate. Consistent with this view, overexpression of either LeAADC1A or LeAADC2 in transgenic tomato plants resulted in fruits with up to 10-fold increased emissions of the products of the pathway, including 2-phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylethanol, and 1-nitro-2-phenylethane. Further, antisense reduction of LeAADC2 significantly reduced emissions of these volatiles. Besides establishing a biosynthetic route, these results show that it is possible to change phenylalanine-based flavor and aroma volatiles in plants by manipulating expression of a single gene.

362 citations


"Overlapping sets of transcripts fro..." refers background in this paper

  • ...In tomato, a small family of decarboxylases (LeAADC1A, LeAADC1B, and LeAADC2) was involved in conversion of phenylalanine to phenethylamine and tyrosine to tyramine (Tieman et al., 2006) (Table S3)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The identification of nine genes that play a role in resistance to bacterial speck disease both advances the knowledge of Pto signal transduction and demonstrates the conservation of many defense signaling components among diverse plant species.
Abstract: The tomato Pto kinase confers resistance to the causative agent of bacterial speck disease, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, by recognizing the pathogen effector proteins AvrPto or AvrPtoB. Pto-mediated resistance requires multiple signal transduction pathways and has been shown to activate many defense responses including an oxidative burst, rapid changes in the expression of over 400 genes, and localized cell death. We have tested the role in Pto-mediated resistance in tomato of a set of 21 genes from other species known to be involved in defense-related signaling. Expression of each gene was suppressed by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and the effect on disease symptoms and bacterial growth during the tomato-Pseudomonas incompatible interaction was determined. We found that Pto-mediated resistance was compromised by silencing of genes encoding two mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinases, MEK1 and MEK2, two MAP kinases, NTF6 and wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK), a key regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), NPR1, and two transcription factors, TGA1a and TGA2.2. A lesser impact on Pto-mediated resistance was observed in plants silenced for RAR1 and COI1. The identification of nine genes that play a role in resistance to bacterial speck disease both advances our knowledge of Pto signal transduction and demonstrates the conservation of many defense signaling components among diverse plant species.

314 citations


"Overlapping sets of transcripts fro..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The MAP kinase, LeMPK3 was implicated in resistance to Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas bacterial strains (Ekengren et al., 2003; Mayrose et al., 2004)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: By applying SuperSAGE to Magnaporthe grisea (blast)-infected rice leaves, gene expression profiles of both the rice host and blast fungus were simultaneously monitored by making use of the fully sequenced genomes of both organisms, revealing that the hydrophobin gene is the most actively transcribed M.grisea gene in blast- infected rice leaves.
Abstract: The type III restriction endonuclease EcoP15I was used in isolating fragments of 26 bp from defined positions of cDNAs. We call this substantially improved variant to the conventional serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) procedure “SuperSAGE.” By applying SuperSAGE to Magnaporthe grisea (blast)-infected rice leaves, gene expression profiles of both the rice host and blast fungus were simultaneously monitored by making use of the fully sequenced genomes of both organisms, revealing that the hydrophobin gene is the most actively transcribed M. grisea gene in blast-infected rice leaves. Moreover, SuperSAGE was applied to study gene expression changes before the so-called hypersensitive response in INF1 elicitor-treated Nicotiana benthamiana, a “nonmodel” organism for which no DNA database is available. Again, SuperSAGE allowed rapid identification of genes up- or down-regulated by the elicitor. Surprisingly, many of the down-regulated genes coded for proteins involved in photosynthesis. SuperSAGE will be especially useful for transcriptome profiling of two or more interacting organisms like hosts and pathogens, and of organisms, for which no DNA database is available.

292 citations


"Overlapping sets of transcripts fro..." refers background in this paper

  • ...genes was observed in incompatible host-pathogen interactions (Matsumura et al., 2003)....

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