Overlapping speech, utterance duration and affective content in HHI and HCI — An comparison
Summary (2 min read)
Introduction
- The impact of food safety standards on bilateral trade is commonly evaluated using the gravity econometric model.
- Burger et al. (2009) further extend the PPML estimation of Santos Silva and Tenreyro (2006) by considering the negative binomial, zero-inflated Poisson, and zero-inflated negative binomial models.
- The Poisson regressions can solve the zero-omitted problem faced by the conventional log-normal OLS specification of the gravity equation and are robust to heteroskedasticity.
- In this paper the authors use zero-accounting gravity models to evaluate the impact of food safety standards on developed country seafood imports.
- Since the early 2000s, chemical standards including veterinary drug and other chemical residues have become the most serious challenges in the international seafood trade (Ababouch et al., 2005).
Conventional OLS and Zero-Accounting Models of the Gravity Equation
- Anderson and van Wincoop’s gravity model: Tinbergen (1962) was the first to apply the Newtonian law of universal gravitation in physics to generate the gravity econometric model for studying bilateral trade flows.
- The relevance of including GDPs in the gravity equation has been questioned because it is not relevant to the micro-founded gravity 1 Eq. (3) can be written in the level form as: K Gravity Model Selection in Seafood Trade 6 model (Disdier & Marette, 2010; Feenstra, 2004).
- The Heckman estimation approach faces two essential problems.
- Under such a situation, extensions of the PPML and NB models, Zero Inflated Poisson (ZIP) and Zero Inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB) models can be used to overcome the encountered problems.
Empirical Model Specification and Data Sources
- In order to test the hypothesis that chemical standards act as barriers to international seafood trade, the authors first estimate the OLS gravity model suggested by Anderson and van Wincoop (2003) and the Heckman model in the log linear form of the dependent variable, bilateral trade.
- The authors then estimate the gravity model in the level form using the Poisson family regressions: the PPML, NB, ZIP, and ZINB models.
- Gravity Model Selection in Seafood Trade 15.
Estimated Results and Discussions
- Table 1 shows the empirical results of the OLS and Heckman maximum likelihood models estimated in the log linear specification form.
- The conditional marginal effect, and not the coefficient of the Heckman model, is comparable with the coefficient of the OLS model (Hoffmann & Kassouf, 2005).
- With regards to the intensive margin of trade, conditioned on positive trade being observed, one unit reduction in chloramphenicol analytical limit (1 ppb) reduces bilateral seafood import 0.86% predicted by the OLS model and 0.84%predicted by the Heckman model.
- The bilateral distance variable has a negative relationship with the probability of positive trade being observed.
- Results of the Poisson family regressions are reported in Table 3.
Conclusions
- The main objective of this investigation was to test if food safety standards act as barriers to international seafood trade.
- The Gravity Equation in International Trade: Some Microeconomic Foundations and Emperical Evidence.
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Citations
17 citations
Cites background from "Overlapping speech, utterance durat..."
...As described in [1], overlapped speech can be demarcated into four types, namely, (a) short feedback, no interruption of the speaker, (b) premature turn-taking at the end of the speakers turn, (c) simultaneous starting after longer silence, and (d) barge-in, aiming to take the turn over....
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...Interestingly, owing to the four kinds of overlaps in natural conversations [1], the overlapping segments can be associated with overlaps of voiced and unvoiced segments, and also speech and non-speech (such laughter) segments....
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9 citations
Cites background from "Overlapping speech, utterance durat..."
...…expressions that have semantic similarity but different meanings, are still based on the evaluation of pre-defined keywords/intents, and are still unable to interpret prosodic information as it is needed for an emotional/dispositional understanding (Schuller et al., 2011; Siegert et al., 2015)....
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...semantic similarity but different meanings, are still based on the evaluation of pre-defined keywords/intents, and are still unable to interpret prosodic information as it is needed for an emotional/dispositional understanding (Schuller et al., 2011; Siegert et al., 2015)....
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7 citations
Cites background or methods from "Overlapping speech, utterance durat..."
...A fourth type of overlapping speech was suggested in [28], namely when after a pause the two speakers start speaking simultaneously, which occurred in their call-center corpus....
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...Inspired from related work in turn taking organization and the summary of overlap types proposed in [28] together with observing the patterns of overlapping speech in the used dataset, three types of overlapping speech were considered and annotated....
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...Inspired form previous work that examined turn taking behavior [23], [24] and the overlap categorization in [28], we consider three categories of overlapping speech: short feedback, premature turn-taking and competitive overlaps....
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...Furthermore, it was found that overlapping speech occurs at moments where affective states are changing [28]....
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6 citations
5 citations
References
13 citations
"Overlapping speech, utterance durat..." refers background in this paper
...The usage of these cues is influenced by the user’s age and gender [18]....
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Frequently Asked Questions (11)
Q2. What have the authors stated for future works in "Overlapping speech, utterance duration and affective content in hhi and hci – an comparison" ?
In their further research activities, the authors will develop a robust automatic identification of the different types of overlap. Together with the recognition of the user ’ s affective state, the authors are a step further to future Cognitive Infocommunication systems acting as a companion towards human users [ 13 ], [ 14 ].
Q3. What test was used to test the significance of the difference between the two utterance lengths?
the authors used the non-parametric MannWhitney-U-Test, to test the significance of the difference within the utterance lengths.
Q4. How many utterances are in the corpus?
The considered set of the SmartKom corpus contains 438 emotionally labeled dialogs with 12,076 utterances in total and 6,079 user utterances.
Q5. How many utterances are marked to contain overlapping speech?
Of the currently available 27,000 utterances in 1,600 dialogs 5,100 utterances (18.9%, 830 dialogs) are marked to contain overlapping speech.
Q6. What is the effect of overlapping speech?
For this investigation, the authors showed that overlapping speech goes along with changes in the affective states of dominance and valence in certain situations.
Q7. What annotation level is used for the Davero corpus?
This corpus has several annotation levels, of which for their investigation the turn segmentation and an affective annotation based on the acoustic channel is used [22].
Q8. What is the possible application of their investigations in HHI and HCI?
A possible application of their investigations in HHI and HCI is the identification of parts where the affective state changes based on the knowledge of overlapping speech and the dialog course:
Q9. How did the corpus authors measure the annotation correctness?
the corpus authors only measured the annotation correctness by comparing the results of different annotation rounds rather than calculating an inter-rater agreement measure like Krippendorff’s alpha or Fleiss’ kappa.
Q10. How many overlapping speech segments do the authors have?
As the authors only take into account the overlapping speech, the authors have 6,347 user utterances and 817 utterances contain overlapping speech.
Q11. How many annotators did the authors employ to conduct the affective assessment?
To conduct the affective assessment, the authors first employed a few annotators to manually segment the recordings into single dialogs including the speaker turns.