Overtourism, optimisation, and destination performance indicators: a case study of activities in Fjord Norway
TL;DR: Many global tourist destinations have experienced growth in arrivals. This has triggered various conflicts in destinations and sparked debates as to how to deal with what is increasingly referred to as "tourism crisis" as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Many global tourist destinations have experienced growth in arrivals. This has triggered various conflicts in destinations and sparked debates as to how to deal with what is increasingly referred t...
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TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors examined how the outbreak may alter Chinese tourists' lifestyle choices, travel behaviour and tourism preferences in the short and long term, based on the synthesis of news broadcasted by several media outlets to support by an overview of the related literature on tourism marketing, tourism management and tourist behaviour.
Abstract: The 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak is projected to have adverse consequences on the global tourism and hospitality industry. This paper aims to examine how the outbreak may alter Chinese tourists’ lifestyle choices, travel behaviour and tourism preferences in the short and long term.,This paper is based on the synthesis of news broadcasted by several media outlets to be supported by an overview of the related literature on tourism marketing, tourism management and tourist behaviour. The authors’ experiences investigating trends in tourism and hospitality at the local and international level have also contributed to the study.,This paper predicts that COVID-19 will likely affect Chinese travellers’ consumption patterns, such as the growing popularity of free and independent travel, luxury trips and health and wellness tourism. New forms of tourism including slow tourism and smart tourism may also drive future tourism activities. Such changes are likely to force businesses to reconsider their service designs and distribution channels.,While Chinese and other potential visitors rethink how they travel, professionals, too, should reflect upon how to bring positive or negative changes to the tourism industry following this pandemic. Subsequent research should also consider how to mitigate the effects of similar public health crises in the future.,Recommendations for industry practitioners and policymakers focus on tailoring travel arrangements to tourists’ backgrounds. The suggestions may help to alleviate outbreak-related stress, offer travellers newly enriching experiences and partially mitigate the effects of COVID-19 on the tourism and hospitality industry. These recommendations can also apply more broadly to global tourist markets.,The COVID-19 outbreak has already brought significant impacts to nearly every society and industry. Tourism scholars and practitioners should carefully consider this tragedy and how it may inform industry and social practices. This and other public health crises represent sterling opportunities to view the industry holistically in terms of its effects on the environment, climate and travellers themselves.,This paper presumably represents a frontier study, critically examining the possible impacts of COVID-19 on Chinese travellers’ consumption patterns and how the tourism and hospitality industry may respond to such changes in the future.,预计2019年新型冠状病毒（COVID-19）爆发将对全球旅游和酒店业产生不利影响。本文预测, COVID-19可能会影响中国旅客的消费方式, 例如自由行, 豪华旅行以及健康与养生旅游的普及。包括慢速旅游和智能旅游在内的新型旅游形式也可能推动未来的旅游活动。这种变化可能促使企业重新考虑其服务设计和分销渠道。针对行业从业者和政策制定者的建议着重于根据游客的背景和需求量身定制旅行安排。我们的建议可能有助于减轻与疫情暴发导致的压力, 为旅行者提供全新的丰富体验, 并从一定程度减轻COVID-19对旅游业和酒店业的影响。这些建议还可以更广泛地应用于全球旅游市场。,COVID-19, 生活方式 旅游行为 灾后 集体主义倾向 中国,El impacto del COVID-19 se preve importante en la actividad turistica global y en la industria de la hosteleria. Este articulo predice que el COVID-19 afectara con probabilidad alta los patrones de consumo de los viajeros chinos, incluyendo los cada vez mas populares viajes comprados directamente por los consumidores chinos, en el segmento del lujo, y el turismo de salud y belleza. Nuevas formas de turismo, incluyendo el slow tourism, y el turismo responsable pueden convertirse en importantes tendencias de futuro igualmente. Dichos cambios llevaran con cierta seguridad a la industria a reconsiderar y adaptar su oferta de servicios en este sector, en particular su diseno y los canales de distribucion utilizados. Las recomendaciones para la industria y los responsables de la politica turistica se alinean con una mayor proximidad de la oferta a los gustos cambiantes del consumidor. Dichas acciones ayudaran a reducir fricciones y fallos en la definicion del negocio turistico, ofreciendo a los viajeros nuevas y enriquecedoras experiencias, asi como podran mitigar en parte los efectos adversos estimados del COVID-19, los cuales son relevantes a dia de hoy. Asi mismo, dichas recomendaciones son aplicables de una manera mas global a la industria del turismo y la hospitalidad en el mercado mundial.,COVID-19, Estilo de vida, Conducta del viajero, Post-desastre, Orientacion collectivista, China
490 citations
TL;DR: Overtourism is an emerging concept facing the world’s main tourist destinations as discussed by the authors, and it is assumed an increasing significance in the literature by providing an exploratory study with which to better understand the origins of overtourism, its implications, and predicted future perspectives.
Abstract: Overtourism is an emerging concept facing the world’s main tourist destinations. The growth that tourism has undergone in recent decades is of two different types. On the one hand, the development of new technologies and the creation of low-cost airline carriers have increased tourism levels, leading to growth even in emerging economies. On the other hand, uncontrolled demand alongside a concentration of tourism in particular destinations impact negatively both territories and local communities. The problems caused in some destinations by the increasing, ongoing growth in tourism have created the issue of “overtourism,” which is assuming an increasing significance in the literature. This paper contributes to the literature by providing an exploratory study with which to better understand the origins of overtourism, its implications, and predicted future perspectives in respect to the issue. Examination of the new evidence presented here contributes to the expanding knowledge of particular problems of tourism development.
162 citations
08 Oct 2019
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the emergence of overtourism, outline the issues and contributing factors, as it relates to cities, and suggest possible mitigation measures that might be taken by policy makers.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine the emergence of overtourism, outline the issues and contributing factors, as it relates to cities, and to suggest possible mitigation measures that might be taken by policy makers.,This paper draws from a review of literature looking at longitudinal issues of tourism development overtime and what has contributed to the phenomena of overtourism. A discussion of implications is provided from this review.,As tourism is an industry which has historically been poorly managed, greater political will and actual acknowledgement of the problem, as well as action by all levels of government are the necessary first steps to address overtourism.,This paper outlines key elements that contribute to overtourism and provides global examples which may help practitioners identify key critical issues in their own destinations and identify appropriate actions.,This paper identifies issues raised by local resident populations and possible responses.,This paper provides a critical overview of overtourism issues, as it relates to cities and discusses potential mitigation and reduction efforts, thereby providing an explanation of why overtourism has become so prevalent.
124 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the right to travel and residents' rights in the context of overtourism and sustainable tourism, analyzing different scientific and legal sources, and show the importance of rethinking the concept of sustainability in tourism as a holistic principle of democracy and as a degrowth movement, and open the broader discussion for future tourism research development.
Abstract: Debates on overtourism, as a challenging phenomenon, are becoming more and more active. The purpose of this integrative review paper is to discuss the right to travel and residents’ rights in the context of overtourism and sustainable tourism, analyzing different scientific and legal sources. The integrative review analysis shows that overtourism and sustainable tourism are important contexts influencing the changing meaning of the right to travel and the right to live. On the one hand, the overtourism context makes the voices of residents more important to be heard, while on the other hand the sustainable tourism context influences the discussion of the right to travel, asking tourist voices to be considered more important. The results of this integrative review also shows the importance of rethinking the concept of sustainability in tourism as a holistic principle of democracy and as a degrowth movement, and opens the broader discussion for future tourism research development. The problem of overtourism could be solved by striving to develop sustainable tourism goals, thus balancing equality between the right to travel and residents’ rights. The presented integrative review paper is a preliminary work; further research is needed in order to find possible concrete solutions for overtourism.
112 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a conceptual framework and research agenda for exploring the relationship between tourism and degrowth is presented, with a focus on rapid and uneven expansion of tourism as a response to the 2008 economic crisis.
Abstract: This article outlines a conceptual framework and research agenda for exploring the relationship between tourism and degrowth. Rapid and uneven expansion of tourism as a response to the 2008 economi...
109 citations
Cites background from "Overtourism, optimisation, and dest..."
...Taking us back to Europe once more, Oklevik et al. (2019) turn the focus from communitybased initiatives to how Destination Marketing Organisations (DMOs) such as government tourism bureaus might encourage tourism “optimization” as opposed to the dominant emphasis on “maximizing” visitor numbers....
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References
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TL;DR: An overview of the main theories of social exchange focusing on the key contributors in sociology, including George Homans, Peter Blau, Richard M. Emerson and others, can be found in this article.
Abstract: Much of social life involves interactions between individuals or corporate actors in dyads, groups, organizations or networks that can be viewed as social exchanges. This chapter presents an overview of the main theories of social exchange focusing on the key contributors in sociology, including George Homans, Peter Blau, Richard M. Emerson and those whose work subsequently built on their original formulations. The theories that have been developed in recent decades have focused on the social structures created by repeated exchanges and the ways in which these structures both constrain and enable actors to exercise power and influence. Other related social processes addressed within the exchange tradition include interpersonal commitment, trust, fairness, procedural and distributive justice, coalition formation and collective action. Recent work also focuses on emotions and their role in social exchange. The methodological challenges of studying social exchange in the laboratory and in the world outside the lab are addressed as well as links between exchange theory and topics under study by economic sociologists and network scholars more broadly, including Internet-mediated exchanges and their growing significance.
3,287 citations
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01 Jan 1995TL;DR: An overview of the main theories of social exchange focusing on the key contributors in sociology, including George Homans, Peter Blau, Richard M. Emerson and others, can be found in this article.
Abstract: Much of social life involves interactions between individuals or corporate actors in dyads, groups, organizations or networks that can be viewed as social exchanges. This chapter presents an overview of the main theories of social exchange focusing on the key contributors in sociology, including George Homans, Peter Blau, Richard M. Emerson and those whose work subsequently built on their original formulations. The theories that have been developed in recent decades have focused on the social structures created by repeated exchanges and the ways in which these structures both constrain and enable actors to exercise power and influence. Other related social processes addressed within the exchange tradition include interpersonal commitment, trust, fairness, procedural and distributive justice, coalition formation and collective action. Recent work also focuses on emotions and their role in social exchange. The methodological challenges of studying social exchange in the laboratory and in the world outside the lab are addressed as well as links between exchange theory and topics under study by economic sociologists and network scholars more broadly, including Internet-mediated exchanges and their growing significance.
3,180 citations
TL;DR: This article presented a social exchange process model as a theoretical basis for some understanding of why residents perceive tourism impacts positively or negatively, and derived propositions from the model to test the relationships between the model's components.
1,391 citations
"Overtourism, optimisation, and dest..." refers background in this paper
...…1976) became the starting point for tourism studies focused on issues of human interaction and exchange specifically in leisure contexts, highlighted that tourist numbers can become a source of ‘incompatibility’ between residents and outsiders (Ap, 1992; Neuts & Nijkamp, 2012; Ward & Berno, 2011)....
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TL;DR: The authors investigated residents' perceptions of tourism's impact on communities and found that those who feel tourism is important for economic development, benefit from it, and are knowledgeable about the greater positive impacts, but do not differ from others with respect to perceptions of tourists negative consequences.
1,387 citations
TL;DR: This paper developed a model of destination competitiveness that will enable comparisons between countries and between tourism sector industries, while appreciating the special issues involved in exploring destination competitiveness as emphasised by tourism researchers.
Abstract: The paper develops a model of destination competitiveness that will enable comparisons between countries and between tourism sector industries. The model seeks to capture the main elements of competitiveness highlighted in the general literature, while appreciating the special issues involved in exploring the notion of destination competitiveness as emphasised by tourism researchers. Associated with the model is a set of indicators that can be used to measure the competitiveness of any given destination. These indicators, comprising both objective and subjective measures, were identified from the major elements comprising the generic destination competitiveness model and also from discussions at workshops held in Korea and Australia. This paper has four major objectives: to develop a model of destination competitiveness that identifies key success factors in determining destination competitiveness; to develop an appropriate set of indicators of destination competitiveness; to highlight the advantages and ...
1,364 citations
"Overtourism, optimisation, and dest..." refers result in this paper
...Results also support the more general view that ‘maximisation’ is a concept in need of reconceptualisation in view of ‘overtourism’, questions of economic distribution, and climate change; all of which demand new approaches to destination management (cf. Dwyer & Kim, 2003; G€ossling et al., 2016)....
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