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Journal Article•DOI•

Overview of Control and Grid Synchronization for Distributed Power Generation Systems

Frede Blaabjerg1, Remus Teodorescu1, Marco Liserre2, A.V. Timbus1•
Aalborg University1, Instituto Politécnico Nacional2
02 Oct 2006-IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics (IEEE)-Vol. 53, Iss: 5, pp 1398-1409
TL;DR: An overview of the structures for the DPGS based on fuel cell, photovoltaic, and wind turbines is given and the possibility of compensation for low-order harmonics is discussed.
Abstract: Renewable energy sources like wind, sun, and hydro are seen as a reliable alternative to the traditional energy sources such as oil, natural gas, or coal. Distributed power generation systems (DPGSs) based on renewable energy sources experience a large development worldwide, with Germany, Denmark, Japan, and USA as leaders in the development in this field. Due to the increasing number of DPGSs connected to the utility network, new and stricter standards in respect to power quality, safe running, and islanding protection are issued. As a consequence, the control of distributed generation systems should be improved to meet the requirements for grid interconnection. This paper gives an overview of the structures for the DPGS based on fuel cell, photovoltaic, and wind turbines. In addition, control structures of the grid-side converter are presented, and the possibility of compensation for low-order harmonics is also discussed. Moreover, control strategies when running on grid faults are treated. This paper ends up with an overview of synchronization methods and a discussion about their importance in the control

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Citations
More filters
Journal Article•DOI•
Control of Power Converters in AC Microgrids

[...]

Joan Rocabert, Alvaro Luna, Frede Blaabjerg1, Pedro Rodriguez•
Aalborg University1
15 May 2012-IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed analysis of the main operation modes and control structures for power converters belonging to micro-grids is carried out, focusing mainly on grid-forming, grid-feeding, and grid-supporting configurations.
Abstract: The enabling of ac microgrids in distribution networks allows delivering distributed power and providing grid support services during regular operation of the grid, as well as powering isolated islands in case of faults and contingencies, thus increasing the performance and reliability of the electrical system. The high penetration of distributed generators, linked to the grid through highly controllable power processors based on power electronics, together with the incorporation of electrical energy storage systems, communication technologies, and controllable loads, opens new horizons to the effective expansion of microgrid applications integrated into electrical power systems. This paper carries out an overview about microgrid structures and control techniques at different hierarchical levels. At the power converter level, a detailed analysis of the main operation modes and control structures for power converters belonging to microgrids is carried out, focusing mainly on grid-forming, grid-feeding, and grid-supporting configurations. This analysis is extended as well toward the hierarchical control scheme of microgrids, which, based on the primary, secondary, and tertiary control layer division, is devoted to minimize the operation cost, coordinating support services, meanwhile maximizing the reliability and the controllability of microgrids. Finally, the main grid services that microgrids can offer to the main network, as well as the future trends in the development of their operation and control for the next future, are presented and discussed.

2,621 citations

Cites background from "Overview of Control and Grid Synchr..."

  • ...working on a αβ stationary reference frame [33]....

    [...]

  • ...where kP is the proportional gain, kR is the resonant gain at the grid frequency, kih is the resonant gain at the h-harmonic to be controlled, and ωo is the detected fundamental frequency [33]....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Trends in Microgrid Control

[...]

Daniel E. Olivares1, Ali Mehrizi-Sani2, Amir H. Etemadi3, Claudio A. Canizares1, Reza Iravani3, Mehrdad Kazerani1, Amir H. Hajimiragha, Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt, Maryam Saeedifard4, Rodrigo Palma-Behnke5, Guillermo Jimenez-Estevez5, Nikos Hatziargyriou6 •
University of Waterloo1, Washington State University2, University of Toronto3, Purdue University4, University of Chile5, National Technical University of Athens6
20 May 2014-IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
TL;DR: The major issues and challenges in microgrid control are discussed, and a review of state-of-the-art control strategies and trends is presented; a general overview of the main control principles (e.g., droop control, model predictive control, multi-agent systems).
Abstract: The increasing interest in integrating intermittent renewable energy sources into microgrids presents major challenges from the viewpoints of reliable operation and control. In this paper, the major issues and challenges in microgrid control are discussed, and a review of state-of-the-art control strategies and trends is presented; a general overview of the main control principles (e.g., droop control, model predictive control, multi-agent systems) is also included. The paper classifies microgrid control strategies into three levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary, where primary and secondary levels are associated with the operation of the microgrid itself, and tertiary level pertains to the coordinated operation of the microgrid and the host grid. Each control level is discussed in detail in view of the relevant existing technical literature.

2,358 citations

Cites background from "Overview of Control and Grid Synchr..."

  • ...microgrid, whereas inverter output controllers should control and regulate the output voltages and currents [19], [20], [32], [54], [55]....

    [...]

  • ...common approach to the design of the control loops is the use of PI controllers, with additional feed-forward compensation to improve the performance of current regulators [54], [65], [66]....

    [...]

  • ...The natural reference frame utilizes controllers realized in the form of Proportional-Integral (PI), PR, hysteresis, or dead-beat [54]....

    [...]

  • ...A general overview of grid-side converter controllers is given in [54], [64], in which controllers are categorized based on their reference frame: synchronous ( ), stationary ( ), and natural ( )....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Impedance-Based Stability Criterion for Grid-Connected Inverters

[...]

Jian Sun1•
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute1
05 Apr 2011-IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
TL;DR: In this paper, a new method to determine inverter-grid system stability using only the inverter output impedance and the grid impedance is developed, which can be applied to all current-source systems.
Abstract: Grid-connected inverters are known to become unstable when the grid impedance is high. Existing approaches to analyzing such instability are based on inverter control models that account for the grid impedance and the coupling with other grid-connected inverters. A new method to determine inverter-grid system stability using only the inverter output impedance and the grid impedance is developed in this paper. It will be shown that a grid-connected inverter will remain stable if the ratio between the grid impedance and the inverter output impedance satisfies the Nyquist stability criterion. This new impedance-based stability criterion is a generalization to the existing stability criterion for voltage-source systems, and can be applied to all current-source systems. A single-phase solar inverter is studied to demonstrate the application of the proposed method.

1,766 citations

Cites background from "Overview of Control and Grid Synchr..."

  • ...In such grid-connected mode, the inverter is typically controlled as a current source [1] to inject certain amount of current into the grid....

    [...]

  • ...Grid synchronization methods [1] also have strong effects on the inverter output impedance, which have not been given much attention so far and will be studied in a future work....

    [...]

Journal Article•
Microgrids management

[...]

F. Katiraei, Reza Iravani, Nikos Hatziargyriou, Aris Dimeas
01 May 2008-IEEE Power & Energy Magazine
TL;DR: Depending on the type and depth of penetration of distributed energy resource units, load characteristics and power quality constraints, and market participation strategies, the required control and operational strategies of a microgrid can be significantly, and even conceptually, different than those of the conventional power systems.
Abstract: The environmental and economical benefits of the microgrid and consequently its acceptability and degree of proliferation in the utility power industry, are primarily determined by the envisioned controller capabilities and the operational features. Depending on the type and depth of penetration of distributed energy resource (DER) units, load characteristics and power quality constraints, and market participation strategies, the required control and operational strategies of a microgrid can be significantly, and even conceptually, different than those of the conventional power systems.

1,335 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Adaptive Decentralized Droop Controller to Preserve Power Sharing Stability of Paralleled Inverters in Distributed Generation Microgrids

[...]

Yasser Abdel-Rady I. Mohamed1, Ehab F. El-Saadany1•
University of Waterloo1
09 Dec 2008-IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
TL;DR: In this paper, an adaptive decentralized droop controller of paralleled inverter-based distributed generation (DG) units is presented to preserve the power sharing stability, which is based on the static droop characteristics combined with an adaptive transient droop function.
Abstract: This paper addresses the low-frequency relative stability problem in paralleled inverter-based distributed generation (DG) units in microgrids. In the sense of the small-signal dynamics of a microgrid, it can be shown that as the demanded power of each inverter changes, the low-frequency modes of the power sharing dynamics drift to new locations and the relative stability is remarkably affected, and eventually, instability can be yielded. To preserve the power sharing stability, an adaptive decentralized droop controller of paralleled inverter-based DG units is presented in this paper. The proposed power sharing strategy is based on the static droop characteristics combined with an adaptive transient droop function. Unlike conventional droop controllers, which yield 1-DOF tunable controller, the proposed droop controller yields 2-DOF tunable controller. Subsequently, the dynamic performance of the power sharing mechanism can be adjusted, without affecting the static droop gain, to damp the oscillatory modes of the power sharing controller. To account for the power modes immigration at different loading conditions, the transient droop gains are adaptively scheduled via small-signal analysis of the power sharing mechanism along the loading trajectory of each DG unit to yield the desired transient and steady-state response. The gain adaptation scheme utilizes the filtered active and reactive powers as indices; therefore, a stable and smooth power injection performance can be obtained at different loading conditions. The adaptive nature of the proposed controller ensures active damping of power oscillations at different operating conditions, and yields a stable and robust performance of the paralleled inverter system.

1,130 citations

Cites background from "Overview of Control and Grid Synchr..."

  • ...The majority of distributed resources are interfaced to the utility grid/loads via dc–ac inverter systems [3], [4]....

    [...]

References
More filters
Book•
Fundamentals of Power Electronics

[...]

Robert W. Erickson, Dragan Maksimovic
31 Jul 1997
TL;DR: Converters in Equilibrium, Steady-State Equivalent Circuit Modeling, Losses, and Efficiency, and Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems.
Abstract: Preface. 1. Introduction. I: Converters in Equilibrium. 2. Principles of Steady State Converter Analysis. 3. Steady-State Equivalent Circuit Modeling, Losses, and Efficiency. 4. Switch Realization. 5. The Discontinuous Conduction Mode. 6. Converter Circuits. II: Converter Dynamics and Control. 7. AC Equivalent Circuit Modeling. 8. Converter Transfer Functions. 9. Controller Design. 10. Input Filter Design. 11. AC and DC Equivalent Circuit Modeling of the Discontinuous Conduction Mode. 12. Current Programmed Control. III: Magnetics. 13. Basic Magnetics Theory. 14. Inductor Design. 15. Transformer Design. IV: Modern Rectifiers and Power System Harmonics. 16. Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems. 17. Line-Commutated Rectifiers. 18. Pulse-Width Modulated Rectifiers. V: Resonant Converters. 19. Resonant Conversion. 20. Soft Switching. Appendices: A. RMS Values of Commonly-Observed Converter Waveforms. B. Simulation of Converters. C. Middlebrook's Extra Element Theorem. D. Magnetics Design Tables. Index.

6,136 citations

Book•DOI•
Wind Power in Power Systems

[...]

Thomas Ackermann
01 Jan 2005-Wind Engineering
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the generation of electricity from clean and renewable sources, and show that wind energy has become the world's fastest growing energy source, and that renewable energy is the most promising energy source.
Abstract: As environmental concerns have focussed attention on the generation of electricity from clean and renewable sources, wind energy has become the world's fastest growing energy source. The authors dr ...

2,878 citations

"Overview of Control and Grid Synchr..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...According to the standards in this field [13], [50]–[53], the injected current in the grid should not have a total harmonic distortion larger than 5%....

    [...]

  • ...A soft starter is usually used to reduce the inrush currents during start up [5], [12], [13]....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Power electronics as efficient interface in dispersed power generation systems

[...]

Frede Blaabjerg1, Zhe Chen1, Søren Bækhøj Kjær1•
Aalborg University1
03 Sep 2004-IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
TL;DR: In this article, power electronics, the technology of efficiently processing electric power, play an essential part in the integration of the dispersed generation units for good efficiency and high performance of the power systems.
Abstract: The global electrical energy consumption is rising and there is a steady increase of the demand on the power capacity, efficient production, distribution and utilization of energy. The traditional power systems are changing globally, a large number of dispersed generation (DG) units, including both renewable and nonrenewable energy sources such as wind turbines, photovoltaic (PV) generators, fuel cells, small hydro, wave generators, and gas/steam powered combined heat and power stations, are being integrated into power systems at the distribution level. Power electronics, the technology of efficiently processing electric power, play an essential part in the integration of the dispersed generation units for good efficiency and high performance of the power systems. This paper reviews the applications of power electronics in the integration of DG units, in particular, wind power, fuel cells and PV generators.

2,296 citations

"Overview of Control and Grid Synchr..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...In any case, this solution also needs a soft starter and a reactive power compensator [5]....

    [...]

  • ...The voltage boosting can be done in the dc or ac stage of the system [5]–[11]....

    [...]

  • ...A soft starter is usually used to reduce the inrush currents during start up [5], [12], [13]....

    [...]

  • ...60% around synchronous speed may be obtained by the use of a power converter of 30% of nominal power [5]....

    [...]

  • ...A detailed description of the hardware structure for many types of DPGSs is given in [5]....

    [...]

Journal Article•
Power Electronics as Efficient Interface in Dispersed Power Generation Systems

[...]

Frede Blaabjerg, Zhe Chen, Søren Bækhøj Kjær
01 Jan 2004-IEEE Power Electronics Letters
TL;DR: In this article, power electronics, the technology of efficiently processing electric power, play an essential part in the integration of the dispersed generation units for good efficiency and high performance of the power systems.
Abstract: The global electrical energy consumption is rising and there is a steady increase of the demand on the power capacity, efficient production, distribution and utilization of energy. The traditional power systems are changing globally, a large number of dispersed generation (DG) units, including both renewable and nonrenewable energy sources such as wind turbines, photovoltaic (PV) generators, fuel cells, small hydro, wave generators, and gas/steam powered combined heat and power stations, are being integrated into power systems at the distribution level. Power electronics, the technology of efficiently processing electric power, play an essential part in the integration of the dispersed generation units for good efficiency and high performance of the power systems. This paper reviews the applications of power electronics in the integration of DG units, in particular, wind power, fuel cells and PV generators.

2,076 citations

Book•
Understanding Power Quality Problems: Voltage Sags and Interruptions

[...]

Math Bollen
01 Oct 1999
TL;DR: This is the first book to offer in-depth analysis of voltage sags and interruptions and to show how to apply mathematical techniques for practical solutions to these disturbances.
Abstract: "Power quality problems have increasingly become a substantial concern over the last decade, but surprisingly few analytical techniques have been developed to overcome these disturbances in system-equipment interactions. Now in this comprehensive book, power engineers and students can find the theoretical background necessary for understanding how to analyze, predict, and mitigate the two most severe power disturbances: voltage sags and interruptions.This is the first book to offer in-depth analysis of voltage sags and interruptions and to show how to apply mathematical techniques for practical solutions to these disturbances. From UNDERSTANDING AND SOLVING POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS you will gain important insights intoVarious types of power quality phenomena and power quality standardsCurrent methods for power system reliability evaluationOrigins of voltage sags and interruptionsEssential analysis of voltage sags for characterization and prediction of equipment behavior and stochastic predictionMitigation methods against voltage sags and interruptions"Sponsored by:IEEE Power Electronics Society, IEEE Industry Applications Society, IEEE Power Engineering Society.

2,052 citations

"Overview of Control and Grid Synchr..." refers background in this paper

  • ...As a consequence, the voltages at bus 2 will register both amplitude and phase unbalance [55]....

    [...]

  • ...The grid faults can be classified in two main categories [55]....

    [...]

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Juan Manuel Campos Carrasco, Leopoldo G. Franquelo, Jan T. Bialasiewicz, Eduardo de Teresa Galván, R.C.P. Guisado, Ma.A.M. Prats, Jose I. Leon, Narciso Moreno-Alfonso 
Power electronics as efficient interface in dispersed power generation systems

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03 Sep 2004-IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
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A review of single-phase grid-connected inverters for photovoltaic modules

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