Overview of Magnetostrictive Sensor Technology
15 Feb 2007-Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures (SAGE Publications)-Vol. 18, Iss: 10, pp 1057-1066
TL;DR: Magnetic and magnetostrictive sensor configurations are compared and contrasted in terms of application, sensitivity, and implementation issues as discussed by the authors, and compared to other common sensor configurations as appropriate.
Abstract: As sensors become integrated in more applications, interest in magnetostrictive sensor technology has blossomed. Magnetostrictive sensors take advantage of the efficient coupling between the elastic and magnetic states of a material to facilitate sensing a quantity of interest. Magnetic and magnetostrictive theory pertinent to magnetostrictive sensor technology is provided. Sensing configurations are based on the utilization of a magnetostrictive element in a passive, active, or combined mode. Magnetostrictive sensor configurations that measure motion, stress or force, torque, magnetic fields, target characteristics, and miscellaneous effects are discussed. The configurations are compared and contrasted in terms of application, sensitivity, and implementation issues. Comparisons are made to other common sensor configurations as appropriate. Experimental and modeling results are described when available and schematics of the configurations are presented.
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TL;DR: Cavity-optomechanics as discussed by the authors aims to study the quantum properties of mechanical systems and use feedback forces such as radiation pressure to cool the mechanical mode of interest into the quantum ground state and create non-classical states of mechanical motion.
Abstract: “Cavity-optomechanics” aims to study the quantum properties of mechanical systems. A common strategy implemented in order to achieve this goal couples a high finesse photonic cavity to a high quality factor mechanical resonator. Then, using feedback forces such as radiation pressure, one can cool the mechanical mode of interest into the quantum ground state and create non-classical states of mechanical motion. On the path towards achieving these goals, many near-term applications of this field have emerged. After briefly introducing optomechanical systems and describing the current state-of-the-art experimental results, this article summarizes some of the more exciting practical applications such as ultra-sensitive, high bandwidth accelerometers and force sensors, low phase noise x-band integrated microwave oscillators and optical signal processing such as optical delay-lines, wavelength converters, and tunable optical filters. In this rapidly evolving field, new applications are emerging at a fast pace, but this article concentrates on the aforementioned lab-based applications as these are the most promising avenues for near-term real-world applications. New basic science applications are also becoming apparent such as the generation of squeezed light, testing gravitational theories and for providing a link between disparate quantum systems.
232 citations
TL;DR: A variety of state-of-the-art MPT configurations and their applications will be reviewed along with the working principle of this transducer type.
Abstract: A magnetostrictive patch transducer (MPT) is a transducer that exploits the magnetostrictive phenomena representing interactions between mechanical and magnetic fields in ferromagnetic materials. Since MPT technology was mainly developed and applied for nondestructive ultrasonic testing in waveguides such as pipes and plates, this paper will accordingly review advances of this technology in such a context. An MPT consists of a magnetic circuit composed of permanent magnets and coils, and a thin magnetostrictive patch that works as a sensing and actuating element which is bonded onto or coupled with a test waveguide. The configurations of the circuit and magnetostrictive patch therefore critically affect the performance of an MPT as well as the excited and measured wave modes in a waveguide. In this paper, a variety of state-of-the-art MPT configurations and their applications will be reviewed along with the working principle of this transducer type. The use of MPTs in wave experiments involving phononic crystals and elastic metamaterials is also briefly introduced.
200 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the possibility of detecting magnetic fields by a magnetostrictive straining of optical fibers is investigated and the effect of shot noise and the limiting sensitivity are considered.
Abstract: The possibility of detecting magnetic fields by a magnetostrictive straining of optical fibers is investigated. The effect of shot noise and the limiting sensitivity are considered.
149 citations
Book•
30 Dec 2013TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on smart materials, structures and systems, which are also referred to as intelligent, adaptive, active, sensory and metamorphic, and the purpose of these materials from the perspective of smart systems is their ability to minimize life-cycle cost and/or expand the performance envelope.
Abstract: The twenty-first century could be called the 'Multifunctional Materials Age' The inspiration for multifunctional materials comes from nature, and therefore these are often referred to as bio-inspired materials Bio-inspired materials encompass smart materials and structures, multifunctional materials and nano-structured materials This is a dawn of revolutionary materials that may provide a 'quantum jump' in performance and multi-capability This book focuses on smart materials, structures and systems, which are also referred to as intelligent, adaptive, active, sensory and metamorphic The purpose of these materials from the perspective of smart systems is their ability to minimize life-cycle cost and/or expand the performance envelope The ultimate goal is to develop biologically inspired multifunctional materials with the capability to adapt their structural characteristics (such as stiffness, damping and viscosity) as required, monitor their health condition, perform self-diagnosis and self-repair, morph their shape and undergo significant controlled motion over a wide range of operating conditions
72 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the main results achieved in the literature about design, modeling and control of magnetostrictive actuators exploiting the direct effects of magnetstriction is presented.
Abstract: Magnetostrictive actuators play an important role in the perception of usefulness of smart materials and devices. Their applications are potentially wider than that of piezoelectric actuators because of the higher energy density and intrinsic robustness. However, the non-negligible hysteresis and complexity of their characteristics make the design and control quite difficult and has limited their diffusion in industrial applications. Nevertheless, the scientific literature presents a wide offer of results in design and geometries, modeling and control that may be exploited for applications. This paper gives a reasoned review of the main results achieved in the literature about design, modeling and control of magnetostrictive actuators exploiting the direct effects of magnetostriction (Joule and Wiedemann). Some perspectives and challenges about magnetostrictive actuators development are also gathered.
62 citations
References
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Book•
13 Dec 1990TL;DR: Magnetism in MATERIALs: MAGNETIC PHENOMENA on the MICROSCOPIC SCALE Magnetic Properties Hysteresis and Related Properties Barkhausen Effect and Related Phenomena Magnetostriction Magnetoresistance.
Abstract: ELECTROMAGNETISM: MAGNETIC PHENOMENA ON THE MACROSCOPIC SCALE Magnetic Fields Magnetic Field Magnetic Induction Magnetic Field Calculations References Further Reading Exercises Magnetization and Magnetic Moment Magnetic Moment Magnetic Poles and Amperian Bound Currents Magnetization Magnetic Circuits and the Demagnetizing Field Penetration of Alternating Magnetic Fields into Materials References Further Reading Exercises Magnetic Measurements Induction Methods Force Methods Methods Depending on Changes in Material Properties Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices References Further Reading Exercises Magnetic Materials Classification of Magnetic Materials Magnetic Properties of Ferromagnets Different Types of Ferromagnetic Materials for Applications Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism References Further Reading Exercises MAGNETISM IN MATERIALS: MAGNETIC PHENOMENA ON THE MICROSCOPIC SCALE Magnetic Properties Hysteresis and Related Properties Barkhausen Effect and Related Phenomena Magnetostriction Magnetoresistance References Further Reading Exercises Magnetic Domains Development of Domain Theory Energy Considerations and Domain Patterns References Further Reading Exercises Domain Walls Properties of Domain Boundaries Domain-Wall Motion References Further Reading Exercises Domain Processes Reversible and Irreversible Domain Processes Determination of Magnetization Curves from Pinning Models Theory of Ferromagnetic Hysteresis Dynamics of Domain Magnetization Processes References Further Reading Exercises Magnetic Order and Critical Phenomena Theories of Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism Theories of Ordered Magnetism Magnetic Structure References Further Reading Exercises Electronic Magnetic Moments Classical Model of Magnetic Moments of Electrons Quantum Mechanical Model of Magnetic Moments of Electrons Magnetic Properties of Free Atoms References Further Reading Exercises Quantum Theory of Magnetism Electron-Electron Interactions Localized Electron Theory Itinerant Electron Theory References Further Reading Exercises MAGNETICS: TECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS Soft Magnetic Materials Properties and Applications of Soft Magnets Materials for AC Applications Materials for DC Applications Materials for Magnetic Shielding References Further Reading Materials Conferences Hard Magnetic Materials Properties and Applications of Hard Magnets Permanent Magnet Materials References Further Reading Materials Conferences Magnetic Recording History of Magnetic Recording Magnetic Recording Media Recording Heads and the Recording Process Modeling the Magnetic Recording Process References Further Reading Magnetic Evaluation of Materials Methods for Evaluation of Materials Properties Methods for Detection of Flaws and Other Inhomogeneities Magnetic Imaging Methods Sensitivity to Microstructure and Material Treatment References Further Reading Solutions to Exercises
1,586 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated a model theory of the changes in magnetization that a ferromagnetic material undergoes when subjected to an applied uniaxial stress and showed that the effect can be described by an equation in which the rate of change of magnetization with elastic energy is proportional to the displacement of the magnetization from the anhysteretic magnetization.
Abstract: This study investigated a model theory of the changes in magnetization that a ferromagnetic material undergoes when subjected to an applied uniaxial stress. The description of these effects is shown to be totally different from the description of the changes in the hysteresis curve under a series of constant applied stresses. The main mechanism in the proposed model theory is the unpinning of domain walls by the application of stress, which allows the walls to move and causes a change in the magnetization. This change in magnetization reduces the displacement from the anhysteretic magnetization. In addition, the anhysteretic magnetization itself is changed by the application of stress via the magnetoelastic coupling. It is shown that the effect can be described by an equation in which the rate of change of magnetization with elastic energy is proportional to the displacement of the magnetization from the anhysteretic magnetization. This is termed the 'law of approach'. This law seems to apply when the starting condition of the material is on a major hysteresis loop.
634 citations
"Overview of Magnetostrictive Sensor..." refers methods in this paper
...The Villari effect has been the subject of much research (Lee, 1955; du Tremolet de Lacheisserie, 1993; Jiles, 1995) and has been employed in load cells, force cells, and accelerometers (du Tremolet de Lacheisserie, 1993)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a detailed analysis of the magnetostriction constants in terms of interatomic forces, including the form effect and the ΔE effect, which is the only secondary effect of any importance.
Abstract: The energy of a ferromagnetic substance comprises three parts, the exchange, anisotropy and magnetostatic (demagnetizing) energies. These all vary with the state of strain of the substance and so it will deform spontaneously if the deformation reduces the total energy (equal to the sum of the magnetic energy and the elastic energy). This phenomenon is known as magnetostriction and the three magnetic energies respectively give rise to the volume magnetostriction, the linear magnetostriction and the form effect. The greater part of this report is taken up with the linear magnetostriction since this is the effect most easily and often observed. The formal theory as developed by Becker and others is given in § 2. § 3 reviews the various attempts to calculate the magnetostriction constants in terms of interatomic forces. The fact that the linear magnetostriction can interact with stress to give rise to an additional anisotropy is discussed in § 6 together with some consequences of this fact. § 7 deals with the volume magnetostriction and related topics which arise from the variation of the exchange energy with interatomic distance. The form effect which arises incidentally in the analysis of volume magnetostriction is treated more fully in § 8. The only secondary effect of any importance, the ΔE effect, is discussed in § 9. The final section describes such topics as magnetic strain analysis and the magnetostriction of ferrites and antiferromagnetics.
427 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: A comprehensive discussion of magnetoelasticity based on three accepted descriptions of magnetostriction: elastomagnetic matrices, a group symmetrical description, and a tensor formalism is provided in this paper.
Abstract: This outstanding reference provides a comprehensive discussion of magnetoelasticity based on three accepted descriptions of magnetostriction: elastomagnetic matrices, a group symmetrical description, and a tensor formalism. It explores recent advances that rely mainly on Callen's work and emphasizes the influence of temperature, stress, and composition on the Joule magnetostriction of soft ferromagnets. The author offers a comprehensive examination of magnetoelastic effects useful for a variety of significant applications, including the Villari-, direct and inverse Wiedemann-, Matteuci-, ?E-, and invar-effects. This vital work also addresses fundamental topics, including pressure dependence of the Curie temperature, form effect, and magnetostriction in paramagnets, diamagnets, superconductors, and antiferromagnets. The last chapter is devoted to technical aspects such as experimental methods, technically useful materials (e.g., Terfenol-D and 2605SC Metglas), and various illustrative applications. Magnetostriction is one reference no physicist, materials scientist, or geophysicist should be without.
373 citations
"Overview of Magnetostrictive Sensor..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Numerous patents for sensors based on magnetoelastic properties have been issued in the United States, Japan, and other countries over the last decade (Fleming, 1990; du Tremolet de Lacheisserie, 1993)....
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...Examples of successful sensor designs include hearing aids, load cells, accelerometers, proximity sensors, torque sensors, magnetometers and many more (Ewing, 1900; du Tremolet de Lacheisserie, 1993; Calkins and Flatau, 1997)....
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...The Villari effect has been the subject of much research (Lee, 1955; du Tremolet de Lacheisserie, 1993; Jiles, 1995) and has been employed in load cells, force cells, and accelerometers (du Tremolet de Lacheisserie, 1993)....
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TL;DR: In this article, a general treatment of magnetostriction for the cases of hexagonal and cubic symmetry is described, which is applicable to the rare earth elements and rare earth-iron compounds and the role of intrinsic as well as extrinsic effects.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the magnetoelastic properties of the highly magnetostrictive rare earth-Fe2 alloys. The chapter describes a general treatment of magnetostriction for the cases of hexagonal and cubic symmetry, which is applicable to the rare earth elements and the rare earth-iron compounds. The chapter presents the magnetostriction of binary rare earth-iron alloys and the magnetostriction of single crystal and polycrystal RFe2 compounds are compared to other magnetostrictive materials at room temperature. The chapter discusses a possible source of startling magnetostriction anisotropy, measurements of magnetization, sublattice magnetization, and magnetic anisotropy, and the role of intrinsic as well as extrinsic effects. It reports the effects of the strong magnetoelastic coupling on sound velocities and elastic moduli and observes extraordinarily large ∆E effects and changes in sound velocity in single crystals, polycrystals, and amorphous rare earth-Fe2 alloys. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the recent measurements of linear and volume magnetostriction on the amorphous form of the RFe2 alloys.
319 citations
"Overview of Magnetostrictive Sensor..." refers background in this paper
...The magnetostrictive process relating the magnetic and mechanical states can be described with two coupled linear equations (Clark, 1980)....
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