Overview of MicroRNA Biogenesis, Mechanisms of Actions, and Circulation.
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TLDR
An update on canonical and non-canonical miRNA biogenesis pathways and various mechanisms underlying miRNA-mediated gene regulations and the current knowledge of the dynamics of miRNA action and of the secretion, transfer, and uptake of extracellular miRNAs is provided.Abstract:
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs that play important roles in regulating gene expression. The majority of miRNAs are transcribed from DNA sequences into primary miRNAs and processed into precursor miRNAs, and finally mature miRNAs. In most cases, miRNAs interact with the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of target mRNAs to induce mRNA degradation and translational repression. However, interaction of miRNAs with other regions, including the 5' UTR, coding sequence, and gene promoters, have also been reported. Under certain conditions, miRNAs can also activate translation or regulate transcription. The interaction of miRNAs with their target genes is dynamic and dependent on many factors, such as subcellular location of miRNAs, the abundancy of miRNAs and target mRNAs, and the affinity of miRNA-mRNA interactions. miRNAs can be secreted into extracellular fluids and transported to target cells via vesicles, such as exosomes, or by binding to proteins, including Argonautes. Extracellular miRNAs function as chemical messengers to mediate cell-cell communication. In this review, we provide an update on canonical and non-canonical miRNA biogenesis pathways and various mechanisms underlying miRNA-mediated gene regulations. We also summarize the current knowledge of the dynamics of miRNA action and of the secretion, transfer, and uptake of extracellular miRNAs.read more
Citations
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TL;DR: Using a quantitative model, the first genome-scale prediction of synthesis rates of mRNAs and proteins is obtained and it is found that the cellular abundance of proteins is predominantly controlled at the level of translation.
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Regulation of microRNA biogenesis
Minju Ha,V. Narry Kim +1 more
TL;DR: Small non-coding RNAs that function as guide molecules in RNA silencing are involved in nearly all developmental and pathological processes in animals and their dysregulation is associated with many human diseases.
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