Oxidative stress during selenium deficiency in seedlings oftrigonella foenum-graecum and mitigation by mimosine
TL;DR: It is demonstrated for the first time that mimosine, a naturally occuring toxic amino acid, could be a beneficial growth factor in concentrations between 0.1 and 0.2 mM.
Abstract: Oxidative stress during selenium (Se) deficiency in the seedlings ofTrigonella foenum-graecum grown for 72 h was investigated and the response to supplemented levels of Se (0.5-1 ppm) and mimosine (0.05-1 mM) was evaluated. Beneficial effects of Se was maximal at 0.75 ppm. Mimosine, a toxic amino acid, was also found to be beneficial to the growth of the seedlings exposed up to 0.2 mM. When compared to the stressed seedlings, mitochondrial oxygen uptake from seedlings of Se (0.75 ppm) group and mimosine (0.2 mM) group exhibited threefold enhancement in state 3 respiration rate and a controlled state 4 rate, with respiratory control ratios of 5–8. Upon supplementation at the optimal levels, Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were enhanced fourfold with Se and eightfold with mimosine in the mitochondria. The soluble activity in mimosine groups increased twofold, but only by 75% in Se groups. Peroxidase activity registered a significant increase by threefold in mitochondria and fourfold in soluble fraction in both Se and mimosine groups. Exposure to Se or mimosine exhibited a differential response in the mitochondrial catalase and ascorbate peroxidase (Asc-Px) activities. In the Se groups, both catalase and Asc-Px in mitochondria decreased by 50–60%, which was contrasted by 60% increase in Asc-Px activity and 40% in catalase activity in mimosine groups. Supplementation with either Se or mimosine evoked similar responses of increases with respect to soluble catalase by twofold to threefold and Asc-Px by 90%. The results of the present study reveal (1) the Prevalence of oxidative stress inT. foenum-graecum during Se deficiency, (2) enhanced mitochondrial functional efficiency mediated by Se and mimosine independently, and (3) an antitoxidative role for mimosine during Se deficiency. The study demonstrates for the first time that mimosine, a naturally occuring toxic amino acid, could be a beneficial growth factor in concentrations between 0.1 and 0.2 mM.
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TL;DR: This review is to assess the mode of action and role of antioxidants in protecting plants from stress caused by the presence of heavy metals in the environment.
Abstract: The contamination of soils and water with metals has created a major environmental problem, leading to considerable losses in plant productivity and hazardous health effects. Exposure to toxic metals can intensify the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are continuously produced in both unstressed and stressed plants cells. Some of the ROS species are highly toxic and must be detoxified by cellular stress responses, if the plant is to survive and grow. The aim of this review is to assess the mode of action and role of antioxidants in protecting plants from stress caused by the presence of heavy metals in the environment.
1,065 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that Se is an antioxidant or it activates protective mechanisms, which can alleviate oxidative stress in the chloroplasts, and improve the recovery of chlorophyll content following light stress.
209 citations
TL;DR: Although there was no change in total biomass, Se treatment was associated with a 43% increase in seed production and the Se-treated Brassica plants had higher total respiratory activity in leaves and flowers, which may have contributed to higher seed production.
Abstract: Selenium (Se) is essential for humans and animals but is not considered to be essential for higher plants. Although researchers have found increases in vegetative growth due to fertiliser Se, there has been no definitive evidence to date of increased reproductive capacity, in terms of seed production and seed viability. The aim of this study was to evaluate seed production and growth responses to a low dose of Se (as sodium selenite, added to solution culture) compared to very low-Se controls in fast-cycling Brassica rapa L. Although there was no change in total biomass, Se treatment was associated with a 43% increase in seed production. The Se-treated Brassica plants had higher total respiratory activity in leaves and flowers, which may have contributed to higher seed production. This study provides additional evidence for a beneficial role for Se in higher plants.
181 citations
Cites background from "Oxidative stress during selenium de..."
...Mitochondrial GSH-Px was found to increase three-fold when fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) plants were supplemented with Se (Sreekala et al. 1999)....
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TL;DR: This review attempts to appraise the literature related to non-protein amino acids, both in terms of their metabolism, plant–soil interactions and at the level of the ecosystem, where they are seen as significant drivers of structure and function.
Abstract: Non-protein amino acids are a significant store of organic nitrogen in many ecosystems, but there is a lack of knowledge relating to them. Research has indicated that they play important roles as metabolites, as allelopthic chemicals, in nutrient acquisition, in signalling and in stress response. They are also thought to be responsible for significant medical issues in both invertebrate and vertebrate animals. This review attempts to appraise the literature related to non-protein amino acids, both in terms of their metabolism, plant–soil interactions and at the level of the ecosystem, where they are seen as significant drivers of structure and function. Finally, important areas for future research are discussed.
120 citations
Cites background from "Oxidative stress during selenium de..."
...…in Fe nutrition, allelochemical, growth factor Crounse et al. 1962; Hylin and Lichton 1965; Jones 1979; Ebuenga et al. 1979; Serrano et al. 1983; Sreekala et al. 1999; Santosh et al. 1999; Borthakur et al. 2003; Xuan et al. 2006; Andrade et al. 2009 3-aminopropionic acid -alanine Precursor,…...
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TL;DR: An extra isoenzyme of glutathione reductase (GR) was induced in the presence of selenite, which confirmed the previous results obtained with Cd and Ni indicating that this GR isoenzymes may have the potential to be a marker for oxidative stress in coffee.
Abstract: Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans and animals that is required for key antioxidant reactions, but can be toxic at high concentrations. We have investigated the effect of Se in the form of selenite on coffee cell suspension cultures over a 12-day period. The antioxidant defence systems were induced in coffee cells grown in the presence of 0.05 and 0.5 mm sodium selenite (Na2SeO3). Lipid peroxidation and alterations in antioxidant enzymes were the main responses observed, including a severe reduction in ascorbate peroxidase activity, even at 0.05 mm sodium selenite. Ten superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoenzymes were detected and the two major Mn-SOD isoenzymes (bands V and VI) responded more to 0.05 mm selenite. SOD band V exhibited a general decrease in activity after 12 h of treatment with 0.05 mm selenite, whereas band VI exhibited the opposite behavior and increased in activity. An extra isoenzyme of glutathione reductase (GR) was induced in the presence of selenite, which confirmed our previous results obtained with Cd and Ni indicating that this GR isoenzyme may have the potential to be a marker for oxidative stress in coffee.
99 citations
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TL;DR: The selenoproteins most sensitive to selenium deficiency is liver cGSH-Px, and decreased synthesis of it under deficiency conditions might serve to increase theselenium available for synthesis of seleniproteins that are more important to the survival of the animal than is cG SHPx.
Abstract: Selenium exerts its biological activity largely through selenoproteins, which contain the element in the form of selenocysteine. Five selenoproteins have been characterized in animal tissues and there is evidence that a number of others exist. Selenoprotein synthesis is a complex process that has been well characterized in prokaryotic systems but incompletely characterized in eukaryotic systems. Selenium deficiency causes a decrease in selenoproteins, but the decrease is not uniform and some selenoproteins are maintained better than others. The selenoprotein most sensitive to selenium deficiency is liver cGSH-Px. It contains a significant fraction of the selenium in the body, and decreased synthesis of it under deficiency conditions might serve to increase the selenium available for synthesis of selenoproteins that are more important to the survival of the animal than is cGSH-Px. The regulation of individual selenoproteins in selenium deficiency appears to be at the mRNA level. Factors that affect mRNA levels have not been completely characterized, but the fall in cGSH-Px mRNA in rat liver is not accompanied by decreased transcription, which suggests that it is regulated through changes in degradation.
312 citations
"Oxidative stress during selenium de..." refers background in this paper
...The essentiality of selenium (Se) as a micronutrient (9,10) is linked to its role in the antioxidant defense as selenocysteine residue in the catalytic mechanism of GSH-Px (11,12)....
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TL;DR: To determine which peroxidase isozymes from Nicotiana tabacum are involved in cell wall biosynthesis or other normal cellular functions and which respond to stress, plants were subjected to either wounding or infection with tobacco mosaic virus.
Abstract: Peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.7) have been implicated in the responses of plants to physical stress and to pathogens, as well as in a variety of cellular processes including cell wall biosynthesis. Tissue samples from leaf, root, pith, and callus of Nicotiana tabacum were assayed for specific peroxidase isozymes by analytical isoelectric focusing. Each tissue type was found to exhibit a unique isozyme fingerprint. Root tissue expressed all of the detectable peroxidase isozymes in the tobacco plant, whereas each of the other tissues examined expressed a different subset of these isozymes. In an effort to determine which peroxidase isozymes from Nicotiana tabacum are involved in cell wall biosynthesis or other normal cellular functions and which respond to stress, plants were subjected to either wounding or infection with tobacco mosaic virus. Wounding the plant triggered the expression of several cationic isozymes in the leaf and both cationic and anionic isozymes in pith tissue. Maximum enzyme activity was detected at 72 hours after wounding, and cycloheximide treatment prevented this induction. Infection of tobacco with tobacco mosaic virus induced two moderately anionic isozymes in the leaves in which virus was applied and also systemically induced in leaves which were not inoculated with virus.
275 citations
TL;DR: Of the mouse monocytic cells studied, alveolar macrophages released the largest amounts of superoxide during phagocytosis, followed by normal peritoneal macrophage, and in the guinea pig, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and casein-elicited Macrophages were shown to release superoxide whereas alveolars did not.
Abstract: Mononuclear phagocytic leukocytes, as well as polymorphonuclear leukocytes, produce and release superoxide at rest, and this is stimulated by phagocytosis. Of the mouse monocytic cells studied, alveolar macrophages released the largest amounts of superoxide during phagocytosis, followed by normal peritoneal macrophages. Casein-elicited and "activated" macrophages released smaller quantities. In the guinea pig, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and casein-elicited macrophages were shown to release superoxide during phagocytosis whereas alveolar macrophages did not. Superoxide release accounted for only a small fraction of the respiratory burst of phagocytosis in all but the normal mouse peritoneal macrophage, the guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocyte, and probably the mouse alveolar macrophage. There are obviously considerable species differences in O2-release by various leukocytes that might reflect both the production and/or destruction (e.g. by dismutase) of that substance.
250 citations
TL;DR: Results clearly indicate that alterations in the expression of enzymes involved in ROI-scavenging can have significant metabolic effects and provide the hope that this strategy can be used to develop crop plants with increased stress tolerance.
240 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a shift in the prooxidant/antioxidant balance in favor of the former has been identified as a normal attribute of aerobic life, and structural damage to organic compounds of a wide variety (DNA, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids) may occur as a consequence of oxidative reactions.
220 citations
"Oxidative stress during selenium de..." refers background or methods or result in this paper
...Isoenzymes of peroxidase are found in most higher plants (39) and their functions include (1) secondary cell-wall biosynthesis (40), (2) wound healing, and (3) resistance against infection by pathogens (41)....
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...0 ppm and mimosine at 1 mM were indicated by: (1) an enhanced state 4 rate with all the substrates tested, (2) RCR being similar to the stressed controls, and (3) with cytochrome c oxidase activity almost undetectable in the mimosine group (1 raM)....
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...As a consequence, freeradical-mediated damage to most biomolecules progress and form the underlying cause in many pathophysiological conditions (1,2)....
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...In aerobic life, oxygen biochemistry is inevitably linked to the generation of 02- and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) as products (1)....
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...The primary enzymatic defense includes: the ubiquitous superoxide dismutase (SOD), which converts the superoxide radical to H202; the heme enzymes, catalase, peroxidase, and, in plants, ascorbate peroxidase (AscPx) that efficiently scavenge H202 (1)....
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