Ozone Oxidation of Endocrine Disruptors and Pharmaceuticals in Surface Water and Wastewater
TL;DR: In this article, ozone (O3) and O3 combined with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were used to oxidize a diverse group of trace organic contaminants from surface water and wastewater.
Abstract: The oxidative removal of a diverse group of trace organic contaminants from surface water and wastewater was evaluated using ozone (O3) and O3 combined with hydrogen peroxide (O3/H2O2). Target compounds included estrogenic and androgenic steroids, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and industrial chemicals. Bench- and pilot- scale experiments were conducted with surface water spiked with the target compounds and wastewater effluent containing ambient concentrations of target compounds. Full-scale water treatment plants were sampled before and after ozonation to determine if bench- and pilot-scale results accurately predict full-scale removal. In both drinking water and wastewater experiments, the majority of target compounds were removed by greater than 90% at O3 exposures commonly used for disinfection. Atrazine, iopromide, meprobamate, and tris-chloroethylphosphate (TCEP) were the most recalcitrant compounds to oxidize using O3, with removals generally less than 50%. The addition of H2O2 for advanced oxidatio...
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TL;DR: This review provides a summary of the recent occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment including sewage, surface water, groundwater and drinking water.
2,933 citations
TL;DR: Adsorption technologies are a low-cost alternative, easily used in developing countries where there is a dearth of advanced technologies, skilled personnel, and available capital, and adsorption appears to be the most broadly feasible pharmaceutical removal method.
Abstract: In the last few decades, pharmaceuticals, credited with saving millions of lives, have emerged as a new class of environmental contaminant. These compounds can have both chronic and acute harmful effects on natural flora and fauna. The presence of pharmaceutical contaminants in ground waters, surface waters (lakes, rivers, and streams), sea water, wastewater treatment plants (influents and effluents), soils, and sludges has been well doccumented. A range of methods including oxidation, photolysis, UV-degradation, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, and adsorption has been used for their remediation from aqueous systems. Many methods have been commercially limited by toxic sludge generation, incomplete removal, high capital and operating costs, and the need for skilled operating and maintenance personnel. Adsorption technologies are a low-cost alternative, easily used in developing countries where there is a dearth of advanced technologies, skilled personnel, and available capital, and adsorption appears to be the most broadly feasible pharmaceutical removal method. Adsorption remediation methods are easily integrated with wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Herein, we have reviewed the literature (1990-2018) illustrating the rising environmental pharmaceutical contamination concerns as well as remediation efforts emphasizing adsorption.
1,170 citations
TL;DR: This review tries to present part of the knowledge that is currently available with regard to the occurrence of pharmaceutical residues in aquatic matrices, the progress made during the last several years on identification of such compounds down to trace levels, and of new, previously unidentified, pharmaceuticals such as illicit drugs, metabolites, and photo-products.
Abstract: Pollution from pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment is now recognized as an environmental concern in many countries. This has led to the creation of an extensive area of research, including among others: their chemical identification and quantification; elucidation of transformation pathways when present in wastewater-treatment plants or in environmental matrices; assessment of their potential biological effects; and development and application of advanced treatment processes for their removal and/or mineralization. Pharmaceuticals are a unique category of pollutants, because of their special characteristics, and their behavior and fate cannot be simulated with other chemical organic contaminants. Over the last decade the scientific community has embraced research in this specific field and the outcome has been immense. This was facilitated by advances in chromatographic techniques and relevant biological assays. Despite this, a number of unanswered questions exist and still there is much room for development and work towards a more solid understanding of the actual consequences of the release of pharmaceuticals in the environment. This review tries to present part of the knowledge that is currently available with regard to the occurrence of pharmaceutical residues in aquatic matrices, the progress made during the last several years on identification of such compounds down to trace levels, and of new, previously unidentified, pharmaceuticals such as illicit drugs, metabolites, and photo-products. It also tries to discuss the main recent findings in respect of the capacity of various treatment technologies to remove these contaminants and to highlight some of the adverse effects that may be related to their ubiquitous existence. Finally, socioeconomic measures that may be able to hinder the introduction of such compounds into the environment are briefly discussed.
744 citations
TL;DR: Phenytoin, atenolol and hydrochlorothiazide were the three pharmaceuticals most frequently found in finished waters at concentrations about 10 ng/L, and despite their persistence, the removals of these five pharmaceuticals were higher than 95%.
591 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the performances of traditional technologies and nanotechnology for water treatment and environmental remediation were compared with the goal of providing an up-to-date reference on the state of treatment techniques for researchers, industry, and policy makers.
582 citations
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TL;DR: The U.S. Geological Survey used five newly developed analytical methods to measure concentrations of 95 organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs) in water samples from a network of 139 streams across 30 states during 1999 and 2000 as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: To provide the first nationwide reconnaissance of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs) in water resources, the U.S. Geological Survey used five newly developed analytical methods to measure concentrations of 95 OWCs in water samples from a network of 139 streams across 30 states during 1999 and 2000. The selection of sampling sites was biased toward streams susceptible to contamination (i.e. downstream of intense urbanization and livestock production). OWCs were prevalent during this study, being found in 80% of the streams sampled. The compounds detected represent a wide range of residential, industrial, and agricultural origins and uses with 82 of the 95 OWCs being found during this study. The most frequently detected compounds were coprostanol (fecal steroid), cholesterol (plant and animal steroid), N,N-diethyltoluamide (insect repellant), caffeine (stimulant), triclosan (antimicrobial disinfectant), tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (fire retardant), and 4-nonylphenol (nonionic detergent metabolite). Measured concentrations for this study were generally low and rarely exceeded drinking-water guidelines, drinking-water health advisories, or aquatic-life criteria. Many compounds, however, do not have such guidelines established. The detection of multiple OWCs was common for this study, with a median of seven and as many as 38 OWCs being found in a given water sample. Little is known about the potential interactive effects (such as synergistic or antagonistic toxicity) that may occur from complex mixtures of OWCs in the environment. In addition, results of this study demonstrate the importance of obtaining data on metabolites to fully understand not only the fate and transport of OWCs in the hydrologic system but also their ultimate overall effect on human health and the environment.
7,036 citations
"Ozone Oxidation of Endocrine Disrup..." refers background in this paper
...…reports have been published that demonstrate the ubiquitous occurrence of pharmaceuticals and EDCs when analytical detection limits of ng L 1 or less are applied (Belfroid et al., 1999; Snyder et al., 1999; Ternes et al., 1999; Huang and Sedlak, 2001; Kolpin et al., 2002; Vanderford et al., 2003)....
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01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: Results of this study demonstrate the importance of obtaining data on metabolites to fully understand not only the fate and transport of OWCs in the hydrologic system but also their ultimate overall effect on human health and the environment.
Abstract: A recent study by the Toxic Substances Hydrology Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) shows that a broad range of chemicals found in residential, industrial, and agricultural wastewaters commonly occurs in mixtures at low concentrations downstream from areas of intense urbanization and animal production. The chemicals include human and veterinary drugs (including antibiotics), natural and synthetic hormones, detergent metabolites, plasticizers, insecticides, and fire retardants. One or more of these chemicals were found in 80 percent of the streams sampled. Half of the streams contained 7 or more of these chemicals, and about one-third of the streams contained 10 or more of these chemicals. This study is the first national-scale examination of these organic wastewater contaminants in streams and supports the USGS mission to assess the quantity and quality of the Nation's water resources. A more complete analysis of these and other emerging water-quality issues is ongoing.
Keywords:
pharmaceuticals;
hormones;
other wastewater contaminants;
steroids;
nonprescription drugs;
veterinary pharmaceuticals
2,153 citations
"Ozone Oxidation of Endocrine Disrup..." refers background in this paper
...Several reports have been published that demonstrate the ubiquitous occurrence of pharmaceuticals and EDCs when analytical detection limits of ng L 1 or less are applied (Belfroid et al., 1999; Snyder et al., 1999; Ternes et al., 1999; Huang and Sedlak, 2001; Kolpin et al., 2002; Vanderford et al., 2003)....
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...…reports have been published that demonstrate the ubiquitous occurrence of pharmaceuticals and EDCs when analytical detection limits of ng L 1 or less are applied (Belfroid et al., 1999; Snyder et al., 1999; Ternes et al., 1999; Huang and Sedlak, 2001; Kolpin et al., 2002; Vanderford et al., 2003)....
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TL;DR: This paper demonstrates a high incidence of intersexuality in wild populations of riverine fish (roach; Rutilus rutilus) throughout the United Kingdom and indicates that reproductive and developmental effects do result from exposure to ambient levels of chemicals present in typical British rivers.
Abstract: A number of chemicals present in the environment have been shown to mimic or antagonize the actions of steroid hormones, an issue often described as “endocrine disruption/modulation”. There is very little evidence, however, to support the hypothesis that exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals is a global environmental health problem. In this paper, we demonstrate a high incidence of intersexuality in wild populations of riverine fish (roach; Rutilus rutilus) throughout the United Kingdom. These reproductive disturbances are consistent with exposure to hormonally active substances and are associated with discharges from sewage treatment works that are known to contain estrogenic chemicals. This is the first documented example of a widespread sexual disruption in wild populations of any vertebrate and indicates that reproductive and developmental effects do result from exposure to ambient levels of chemicals present in typical British rivers.
1,998 citations
"Ozone Oxidation of Endocrine Disrup..." refers background in this paper
..., 1975; Hignite and Azarnoff, 1977), more recent studies have established causality between theoccurrenceof trace steroids inWWTPeffluentsandreproductive impacts to aquatic wildlife (Desbrow et al., 1998; Jobling et al., 1998; Kramer et al., 1998; Snyder et al., 2001b; Folmar et al., 2002)....
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...…et al., 1975; Hignite and Azarnoff, 1977), more recent studies have established causality between theoccurrenceof trace steroids inWWTPeffluentsandreproductive impacts to aquatic wildlife (Desbrow et al., 1998; Jobling et al., 1998; Kramer et al., 1998; Snyder et al., 2001b; Folmar et al., 2002)....
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1,798 citations
"Ozone Oxidation of Endocrine Disrup..." refers background in this paper
...…reports have been published that demonstrate the ubiquitous occurrence of pharmaceuticals and EDCs when analytical detection limits of ng L 1 or less are applied (Belfroid et al., 1999; Snyder et al., 1999; Ternes et al., 1999; Huang and Sedlak, 2001; Kolpin et al., 2002; Vanderford et al., 2003)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the rate constants of reactions of ozone with non-ionized solutes, such as aliphatic alcohols, olefins, chlorosubstituted ethylenes, substituted benzenes and carbohydrates, have been determined from the absolute rates with which ozone reacts in the presence of various concentrations of these compounds in water.
1,783 citations
"Ozone Oxidation of Endocrine Disrup..." refers background in this paper
...Ozone (O3) has been shown to be an effective disinfectant and powerful oxidizer (Hoigné and Bader, 1983a, 1983b; Haag and Yao, 1992; Rakness et al., 1993; Acero et al., 2000; Janex et al., 2000)....
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