Ozone profile and tropospheric ozone retrievals from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment: Algorithm description and validation
TL;DR: In this paper, a priori influence of retrieved Tropospheric Column Ozone (TCO) is estimated using the known tropopause to divide the stratosphere and troposphere.
Abstract: Received 18 May 2005; revised 4 August 2005; accepted 1 September 2005; published 29 October 2005. [1] Ozone profiles are derived from back scattered radiance spectra in the ultraviolet (289–339 nm) measured by the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) using the optimal estimation technique. Tropospheric Column Ozone (TCO) is directly derived using the known tropopause to divide the stratosphere and troposphere. To optimize the retrieval and improve the fitting precision needed for tropospheric ozone, we perform extensive wavelength and radiometric calibrations and improve forward model inputs. The a priori influence of retrieved TCO is � 15% in the tropics and increases to � 50% at high latitudes. The dominant error terms are the smoothing errors, instrumental randomnoise errors, and systematic temperature errors. We compare our GOME retrievals with Earth-Probe Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Total column Ozone (TO), Dobson/Brewer (DB) TO, and ozonesonde TCO at 33 World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (WOUDC) stations between 71� S and 75� N during 1996–1999. The mean biases with TOMS and DB TO are within 6 DU (2%, 1 DU = 2.69 � 10 16 molecules cm � 2 ) at most of the stations. The retrieved Tropospheric Column Ozone (TCO) captures most of the temporal variability in ozonesonde TCO; the mean biases are mostly within 3 DU (15%) and the standard deviations (1s) are within 3–8 DU (13–27%). We also compare our retrieved ozone profiles above � 15 km against Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II measurements from 1996 to 1999. The mean biases and standard deviations are usually within 15%.
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TL;DR: The European Space Agency's Sentinel-5 Precursor (S-5 P) is a low Earth orbit polar satellite to provide information and services on air quality, climate and the ozone layer in the timeframe 2015-2022 as discussed by the authors.
1,092 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an earth system model (MIROC-ESM 2010) is described in terms of each model component and their interactions, and results for the CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5) historical simulation are presented to demonstrate the model's performance from several perspectives: atmosphere, ocean, sea-ice, land-surface, ocean and terrestrial biogeochemistry, and atmospheric chemistry and aerosols.
Abstract: . An earth system model (MIROC-ESM 2010) is fully described in terms of each model component and their interactions. Results for the CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5) historical simulation are presented to demonstrate the model's performance from several perspectives: atmosphere, ocean, sea-ice, land-surface, ocean and terrestrial biogeochemistry, and atmospheric chemistry and aerosols. An atmospheric chemistry coupled version of MIROC-ESM (MIROC-ESM-CHEM 2010) reasonably reproduces transient variations in surface air temperatures for the period 1850–2005, as well as the present-day climatology for the zonal-mean zonal winds and temperatures from the surface to the mesosphere. The historical evolution and global distribution of column ozone and the amount of tropospheric aerosols are reasonably simulated in the model based on the Representative Concentration Pathways' (RCP) historical emissions of these precursors. The simulated distributions of the terrestrial and marine biogeochemistry parameters agree with recent observations, which is encouraging to use the model for future global change projections.
1,032 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the capabilities of satellite remote sensing of these species in the boundary layer, along with physical processes affecting their accuracy and precision, and discussed applications of satellite observations for case studies of specific events, for estimates of surface concentrations, and to improve emission inventories of trace gases and aerosols.
421 citations
Cites background or methods from "Ozone profile and tropospheric ozon..."
...MISR’s highest spatial sampling is 275 m at all angles....
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...Validation of the retrieved O3 columns with in situ profiles from ozonesondes (Liu et al., 2005b) and the MOZAIC aircraft program (Liu et al., 2006b) yields typical biases within 5 Dobson Units....
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...MISR sa retrievals have been validated with ground-based measurements from AERONET (Liu et al., 2004b; Abdou et al., 2005; Kahn et al., 2005; Jiang et al., 2007), yielding a typical accuracy over land of better than 0.05 20%....
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...5 for the southeast United States using both MODIS (Wang and Christopher, 2003) and MISR (Liu et al., 2005a)....
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...The MISR (Diner et al., 1998) and MODIS (Barnes et al., 1998) instruments provide unprecedented information about aerosol abundance and properties at high spatial resolution....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the convective-cloud differential method to derive global distributions of tropospheric column ozone (TCO) from the OMI and MLS instruments on board the Aura satellite.
Abstract: Ozone measurements from the OMI and MLS instruments on board the Aura satellite are used for deriving global distributions of tropospheric column ozone (TCO). TCO is determined using the tropospheric ozone residual method which involves subtracting measurements of MLS stratospheric column ozone (SCO) from OMI total column ozone after adjusting for intercalibration differences of the two instruments using the convective-cloud differential method. The derived TCO field, which covers one complete year of mostly continuous daily measurements from late August 2004 through August 2005, is used for studying the regional and global pollution on a timescale of a few days to months. The seasonal and zonal characteristics of the observed TCO fields are also compared with TCO fields derived from the Global Modeling Initiative's Chemical Transport Model. The model and observations show interesting similarities with respect to zonal and seasonal variations. However, there are notable differences, particularly over the vast region of the Saharan desert.
316 citations
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences1, Centre national de la recherche scientifique2, University of Toulouse3, University of Bremen4, Université libre de Bruxelles5, Paris Diderot University6, University of the Littoral Opal Coast7, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología8, Polytechnic University of Catalonia9, National Center for Atmospheric Research10, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology11, Harvard University12, University of Washington13, University of Wollongong14, Academy of Athens15, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory16, California Institute of Technology17, China Meteorological Administration18, University of Toronto19, University of Liège20, Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies21, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research22, Forschungszentrum Jülich23, State University of New York System24, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology25, National Institute for Environmental Studies26, Goddard Space Flight Center27, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy28, Morgan State University29
TL;DR: The Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR) is an activity of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project as mentioned in this paper, which provides a detailed view of ozone in the lower troposphere across East Asia and Europe.
Abstract: The Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR) is an activity of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project. This paper is a component of the report, focusing on the present-day distribution and trends of tropospheric ozone relevant to climate and global atmospheric chemistry model evaluation. Utilizing the TOAR surface ozone database, several figures present the global distribution and trends of daytime average ozone at 2702 non-urban monitoring sites, highlighting the regions and seasons of the world with the greatest ozone levels. Similarly, ozonesonde and commercial aircraft observations reveal ozone’s distribution throughout the depth of the free troposphere. Long-term surface observations are limited in their global spatial coverage, but data from remote locations indicate that ozone in the 21st century is greater than during the 1970s and 1980s. While some remote sites and many sites in the heavily polluted regions of East Asia show ozone increases since 2000, many others show decreases and there is no clear global pattern for surface ozone changes since 2000. Two new satellite products provide detailed views of ozone in the lower troposphere across East Asia and Europe, revealing the full spatial extent of the spring and summer ozone enhancements across eastern China that cannot be assessed from limited surface observations. Sufficient data are now available (ozonesondes, satellite, aircraft) across the tropics from South America eastwards to the western Pacific Ocean, to indicate a likely tropospheric column ozone increase since the 1990s. The 2014–2016 mean tropospheric ozone burden (TOB) between 60˚N–60˚S from five satellite products is 300 Tg ± 4%. While this agreement is excellent, the products differ in their quantification of TOB trends and further work is required to reconcile the differences. Satellites can now estimate ozone’s global long-wave radiative effect, but evaluation is difficult due to limited in situ observations where the radiative effect is greatest.
274 citations
Cites background or methods from "Ozone profile and tropospheric ozon..."
...…24 layers (~2.5 km thick) from the surface to 60 km are retrieved from Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME; Burrows et al., 1999) and OMI (Levelt et al., 2006) radiances in the Hartley and Huggins bands using the optimal estimation technique (Liu et al., 2005, 2007, 2010; Huang et al., 2017)....
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...As shown in Figure S-5, the time series of GOME and OMI retrievals show clear systematic biases as some similar temporal patterns occur for different latitude bands, even though the seasonal variations are expected to be different (Liu et al., 2005, 2007, 2010; Huang et al., 2017)....
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References
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Book•
17 Jul 2000
TL;DR: This book treats the inverse problem of remote sounding comprehensively, and discusses a wide range of retrieval methods for extracting atmospheric parameters of interest from the quantities such as thermal emission that can be measured remotely.
Abstract: Remote sounding of the atmosphere has proved to be a fruitful method of obtaining global information about the atmospheres of the earth and planets. This book treats the inverse problem of remote sounding comprehensively, and discusses a wide range of retrieval methods for extracting atmospheric parameters of interest from the quantities such as thermal emission that can be measured remotely. Inverse theory is treated in depth from an estimation-theory point of view, but practical questions are also emphasized, for example designing observing systems to obtain the maximum quantity of information, efficient numerical implementation of algorithms for processing of large quantities of data, error analysis and approaches to the validation of the resulting retrievals, The book is targeted at both graduate students and working scientists.
4,052 citations
"Ozone profile and tropospheric ozon..." refers background or methods in this paper
...respect to altitude to constrain the solution; the other three algorithms are based on the Optimal Estimation (OE) inversion technique [Rodgers, 2000], which requires a priori climatology to stabilize and regularize the solution....
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...0148-0227/05/2005JD006240 D20307 1 of 19 respect to altitude to constrain the solution; the other three algorithms are based on the Optimal Estimation (OE) inversion technique [Rodgers, 2000], which requires a priori climatology to stabilize and regularize the solution....
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...[30] The Averaging Kernels (AKs), defined as the sensitivity of the retrieved state X̂ to the true state X, contain very useful information to characterize the retrieval [Rodgers, 2000]: A 1⁄4 @ b X...
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...[30] The Averaging Kernels (AKs), defined as the sensitivity of the retrieved state X̂ to the true state X, contain very useful information to characterize the retrieval [Rodgers, 2000]: A ¼ @ bX...
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TL;DR: The Georgia Institute of Technology's Goddardard Global Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model is used to simulate the aerosol optical thickness t for major types of tropospheric aerosols including sulfate, dust, organic carbon (OC), black carbon (BC), and sea salt.
Abstract: The Georgia Institute of Technology‐Goddard Global Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model is used to simulate the aerosol optical thickness t for major types of tropospheric aerosols including sulfate, dust, organic carbon (OC), black carbon (BC), and sea salt The GOCART model uses a dust emission algorithm that quantifies the dust source as a function of the degree of topographic depression, and a biomass burning emission source that includes seasonal and interannual variability based on satellite observations Results presented here show that on global average, dust aerosol has the highest t at 500 nm (0051), followed by sulfate (0040), sea salt (0027), OC (0017), and BC (0007) There are large geographical and seasonal variations of t, controlled mainly by emission, transport, and hygroscopic properties of aerosols The model calculated total ts at 500 nm have been compared with the satellite retrieval products from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) over both land and ocean and from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) over the ocean The model reproduces most of the prominent features in the satellite data, with an overall agreement within a factor of 2 over the aerosol source areas and outflow regions While there are clear differences among the satellite products, a major discrepancy between the model and the satellite data is that the model shows a stronger variation of t from source to remote regions Quantitative comparison of model and satellite data is still difficult, due to the large uncertainties involved in deriving the t values by both the model and satellite retrieval, and by the inconsistency in physical and optical parameters used between the model and the satellite retrieval The comparison of monthly averaged model results with the sun photometer network [Aerosol Robotics Network (AERONET)] measurements shows that the model reproduces the seasonal variations at most of the sites, especially the places where biomass burning or dust aerosol dominates
1,301 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the scanning imaging absorption spectrometer for atmospheric chartography (SCIAMACHY) pre-flight model satellite spectrometers to measure the gas-phase absorption spectra of the most important atmospheric trace gases (O3, NO2, SO2, O2, H2O, CO, CO2, CH4, and N2O) in the 230-2380 nm range at medium spectral resolution and at several temperatures between 203 and 293
Abstract: Using the scanning imaging absorption spectrometer for atmospheric chartography (SCIAMACHY) pre-flight model satellite spectrometer, gas-phase absorption spectra of the most important atmospheric trace gases (O3, NO2, SO2, O2, OClO, H2CO, H2O, CO, CO2, CH4, and N2O) have been measured in the 230–2380 nm range at medium spectral resolution and at several temperatures between 203 and 293 K. The spectra show high signal-to-noise ratio (between 200 up to a few thousands), high baseline stability (better than 10−2) and an accurate wavelength calibration (better than 0.01 nm) and were scaled to absolute absorption cross-sections using previously published data. The results are important as reference data for atmospheric remote-sensing and physical chemistry. Amongst other results, the first measurements of the Wulf bands of O3 up to their origin above 1000 nm were made at five different temperatures between 203 and 293 K, the first UV-Vis absorption cross-sections of NO2 in gas-phase equilibrium at 203 K were recorded, and the ultraviolet absorption cross-sections of SO2 were measured at five different temperatures between 203 and 296 K. In addition, the molecular absorption spectra were used to improve the wavelength calibration of the SCIAMACHY spectrometer and to characterize the instrumental line shape (ILS) and straylight properties of the instrument. It is demonstrated that laboratory measurements of molecular trace gas absorption spectra prior to launch are important for satellite instrument characterization and to validate and improve the spectroscopic database.
630 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the first principles of Rayleigh scattering theory are used to calculate Rayleigh optical depth in the atmosphere, rather than the variety of curve-fitting techniques currently in use.
Abstract: Many different techniques are used for the calculation of Rayleigh optical depth in the atmosphere. In some cases differences among these techniques can be important, especially in the UV region of the spectrum and under clean atmospheric conditions. The authors recommend that the calculation of Rayleigh optical depth be approached by going back to the first principles of Rayleigh scattering theory rather than the variety of curve-fitting techniques currently in use. A survey of the literature was conducted in order to determine the latest values of the physical constants necessary and to review the methods available for the calculation of Rayleigh optical depth. The recommended approach requires the accurate calculation of the refractive index of air based on the latest published measurements. Calculations estimating Rayleigh optical depth should be done as accurately as possible because the inaccuracies that arise can equal or even exceed other quantities being estimated, such as aerosol optica...
608 citations
Additional excerpts
...The Rayleigh cross sections are from Bodhaine et al. [1999] and are accurate to better than 0.002% over the range 250–550 nm. The depolarization factors accounting for molecular anisotropy are taken from Bates [1984]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) Flight-Model (FM) satellite spectrometer was used to measure the absorption cross sections of O3 in the 231-794nm range.
Abstract: Absorption cross sections of O3 in the 231–794 nm range have been measured at temperatures between 202 and 293 K using the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) Flight-Model (FM) satellite spectrometer. The GOME FM spectra have a spectral resolution of about 0.2 nm below 400 nm and of about 0.3 nm above 400 nm, and were recorded covering simultaneously the Hartley, Huggins, and Chappuis bands centered around 255, 340, and 610 nm, respectively. The variation of the O3 absorption cross sections was investigated over the entire spectral range 231–794 nm. The new cross sections are important as reference data for atmospheric remote-sensing of O3 and other trace gases.
476 citations
Additional excerpts
...We use the ozone absorption cross sections by Brion et al. [1993] because they have more accurate wavelength calibration [Orphal, 2003] and the fitting residuals are reduced by 10–20% compared to using Bass-Paur (BP) cross sections [Bass and Paur, 1985] and GOME flight-model cross sections [ Burrows et al., 1999 ]....
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