Particulate Matter Toxicity Evaluation Using Bioindicators and Comet Assay
01 Jan 2013-Aerosol and Air Quality Research (Taiwan Association for Aerosol Research)-Vol. 13, Iss: 1, pp 172-178
TL;DR: In this article, an experimental procedure to assess the toxicity of the pollutants on PPM10 by means of the comet assay on earthworms directly exposed to PM10 collecting filters was developed.
Abstract: Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) characterizes the atmospheric air quality. PM particles can adsorb and include several toxic air pollutants of urban areas. The current study aimed to develop an experimental procedure to assess the toxicity of the pollutants on PPM10 by means of the comet assay on earthworms directly exposed to PM10 collecting filters. A particular focus was the amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the filter, in spite of their very low concentration in PM, because of their strong mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. A quartz filter exposed to polluted air containing 24.9 mg/g of PM10 and 14.1 μg/g of PAHs was characterized and mechanically reduced into a very fine powder by means of a planetary ball mill. This powder was combined with artificial soil samples allowing treatments at 15 μg/g of PM10 (0.008 μg/g of PAHs), 22.5 μg/g of PM10 (0.012 μg/g of PAHs), 30 μg/g of PM10 (0.016 μg/g of PAHs). Earthworms were exposed to each treatment for seven days, including blank treatments with powdered clean quartz filter, such as phenanthrene (used as the standard), and an untreated soil. DNA damage was observed starting from 0.012 μg/g of PAHs in 22.5 μg/g of PM10. No single PAH was detected or quantified in the bodies of the earthworms after microwave assisted solvent extraction (MASE) and GC-MS analysis. The results demonstrate that even a very low amount of PM10 absorbed by the earthworms had a toxic effect on their immune systems, which could also have been caused by other xenobiotics included into the filter.
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TL;DR: Cluster and PSCF results indicated that local as well as long-transported PM2.5 from the north-west India and Pakistan were mostly pertinent, and re-confirmed that secondary aerosols, soil/road dust, vehicular emissions, biomass burning, fossil fuel combustion, and industrial emission were dominant contributors to PM 2.5 in Delhi.
Abstract: The present study investigated the comprehensive chemical composition [organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble inorganic ionic components (WSICs), and major & trace elements] of particulate matter (PM2.5) and scrutinized their emission sources for urban region of Delhi. The 135 PM2.5 samples were collected from January 2013 to December 2014 and analyzed for chemical constituents for source apportionment study. The average concentration of PM2.5 was recorded as 121.9 ± 93.2 μg m−3 (range 25.1–429.8 μg m−3), whereas the total concentration of trace elements (Na, Ca, Mg, Al, S, Cl, K, Cr, Si, Ti, As, Br, Pb, Fe, Zn, and Mn) was accounted for ∼17% of PM2.5. Strong seasonal variation was observed in PM2.5 mass concentration and its chemical composition with maxima during winter and minima during monsoon seasons. The chemical composition of the PM2.5 was reconstructed using IMPROVE equation, which was observed to be in good agreement with the gravimetric mass. Source apportionment of PM2.5 was carried out using the following three different receptor models: principal component analysis with absolute principal component scores (PCA/APCS), which identified five major sources; UNMIX which identified four major sources; and positive matrix factorization (PMF), which explored seven major sources. The applied models were able to identify the major sources contributing to the PM2.5 and re-confirmed that secondary aerosols (SAs), soil/road dust (SD), vehicular emissions (VEs), biomass burning (BB), fossil fuel combustion (FFC), and industrial emission (IE) were dominant contributors to PM2.5 in Delhi. The influences of local and regional sources were also explored using 5-day backward air mass trajectory analysis, cluster analysis, and potential source contribution function (PSCF). Cluster and PSCF results indicated that local as well as long-transported PM2.5 from the north-west India and Pakistan were mostly pertinent.
110 citations
Cites background from "Particulate Matter Toxicity Evaluat..."
...…and Thurston 1987; Pope and Dockery 2006; Mauderly and Chow 2008; Russell and Brunekreef 2009; Tie et al. 2009; Yan et al. 2009; Habre et al. 2011; Vernile et al. 2013), since fine particles have the ability to penetrate much deeper into the lungs and enter into bloodstream through human…...
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TL;DR: This document is intended to be a comprehensive review of what has been published to date on the field of ecotoxicology, aiming at showing the most relevant experimental models used as bioindicator models both in the laboratory and in the field.
Abstract: Since Singh and colleagues, in 1988, launched to the scientific community the alkaline Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE) protocol, or Comet Assay, its uses and applications has been increasing. The thematic areas of its current employment in the evaluation of genetic toxicity are vast, either in vitro or in vivo, both in the laboratory and in the environment, terrestrial or aquatic. It has been applied to a wide range of experimental models: bacteria, fungi, cells culture, arthropods, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and humans. This document is intended to be a comprehensive review of what has been published to date on the field of ecotoxicology, aiming at the following main aspects: (i) to show the most relevant experimental models used as bioindicators both in the laboratory and in the field. Fishes are clearly the most adopted group, reflecting their popularity as bioindicator models, as well as a primary concern over the aquatic environment health. Amphibians are among the most sensitive organisms to environmental changes, mainly due to an early aquatic-dependent development stage and a highly permeable skin. Moreover, in the terrestrial approach, earthworms, plants or mammalians are excellent organisms to be used as experimental models for genotoxic evaluation of pollutants, complex mix of pollutants and chemicals, in both laboratory and natural environment. (ii) To review the development and modifications of the protocols used and the cell types (or tissues) used. The most recent developments concern the adoption of the enzyme linked assay (digestion with lesion-specific repair endonucleases) and prediction of the ability to repair of oxidative DNA damage, which is becoming a widespread approach, albeit challenging. For practical/technical reasons, blood is the most common choice but tissues/cells like gills, sperm cells, early larval stages, coelomocytes, liver or kidney have been also used. (iii) To highlight correlations with other biomarkers. (i
103 citations
Cites background from "Particulate Matter Toxicity Evaluat..."
...…et al., 1996), and since then has been extensively revised (Cotelle and Férard, 1999; EspinosaReyes et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2010; Atli Şekeroglu et al., 2011; Lionetto et al., 2012; Andem et al., 2013; Vernile et al., 2013; Fujita et al., 2014; Vasseur and Bonnard, 2014; Zhang et al., 2014)....
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TL;DR: The first biomarker relating to genotoxicant exposure in earthworms from multi-contaminated soils reported is DNA adducts measurements, and it has been replaced by DNA breakage measured by the Comet assay, now more commonly used.
Abstract: Pollutant dynamics and bioavailability greatly differ in soil and aquatic systems. Therefore, specific approaches and models are needed to assess the impact of soil contamination to terrestrial ecosystems. Earthworms among other soil inverte- brates have received more attention because of their ecological importance. They represent a dominant part of the soil biomass and are soil engineers regulating important soil processes, notably fertilization. The release in soils of pollutants known for their persistence and/or their toxicity is a concern. Exposure of terrestrial species to pollutants that may alter genomic function has be- come an increasing topic of research in the last decade. Indeed, genome disturbances due to genetic and epigenetic mechanisms may impair growth, as well as reproduction and population dynamics in the long term. Despite their importance in gene expres- sion, epigenetic mechanisms are not yet understood in soil invertebrates. Until now, pollutant-induced changes in genome ex- pression in natural biota are still being studied through structural alteration of DNA. The first biomarker relating to genotoxicant exposure in earthworms from multi-contaminated soils reported is DNA adducts measurements. It has been replaced by DNA breakage measured by the Comet assay, now more commonly used. Functional genomic changes are now being explored owing to molecular "omic" technologies. Approaches, objectives and results are overviewed herein. The focus is on studies dealing with genotoxicity and populational effects established from environmentally-relevant experiments and in situ studies (Current Zoology 60 (2): 255-272, 2014).
39 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, multiple combined models, including the PCA/MLR-CMB, Unmix-cMB, and PMF-cmb models, were developed and employed to analyze the synthetic datasets, in order to understand 1) the accuracies of the predictions by multiple combined model; 2) the effect of Fpeak-rotation on the predictions of the PMF CMB model; and 3) the relationship between the extracted mixed source profiles (in the first stage) and the final predictions.
Abstract: A combined models was developed and applied to synthetic and ambient PM datasets in our prior works. In this study, multiple combined models, including the PCA/MLR-CMB, Unmix-CMB and PMF-CMB models, were developed and employed to analyzed the synthetic datasets, in order to understand 1) the accuracies of the predictions by multiple combined models; 2) the effect of Fpeak-rotation on the predictions of the PMF-CMB model; and 3) the relationship between the extracted mixed source profiles (in the first stage) and the final predictions. 50 predictions based on different combined model solutions were obtained and compared with the synthetic datasets. The average absolute errors (AAE), cluster analysis (CA), and PCA plots were applied to evaluate the precision of the predictions. These statistical methods showed that the predictions of the PCA/MLR-CMB and PMF-CMB model (with Fpeaks from 0 to 1.0) were satisfactory, those of the Unmix-CMB model were instable (some of them closely approached the synthetic values, while other them deviated from them). Additionally, it was found that the final source contributions had good correlation with their marker concentrations (obtained in the first stage), suggesting that the extracted profiles of the mixed sources can determine the final predictions of combined models.
33 citations
01 Jan 2003
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References
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TL;DR: A biomarker of genotoxicity (the alkaline comet assay) was assessed to compare species sensitivities and E. fetida exhibited the highest level of DNA damage, although D. rubidus showed the highest increase in DNA damage from the control.
100 citations
"Particulate Matter Toxicity Evaluat..." refers methods in this paper
...Comet assay protocol applied to coelomocytes of E. andrei was modified from Fourie et al. (2007)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, two major dust events were captured, occurring on 31 March and 26 May, and were characterized by high concentrations of coarse particles, calcium, and secondary inorganic ions.
Abstract: Particulate matter was collected at Gosan, Korea, a remote location in the East China Sea, from late-March through May, 2007. Two sizes of particles, fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM(subscript 10-2.5)) modes, were analyzed for chemical composition. Samples were analyzed by mass, elemental and organic carbon, and inorganic ions. Organic molecular markers were also measured using solvent-extraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry in order to identify different pollution sources. Two major dust events were captured, occurring on 31 March and 26 May, and were characterized by high concentrations of coarse particles, calcium, and secondary inorganic ions. A major pollution event occurred on 26 April with elevated fine particle concentrations and markers of combustion-related and secondary aerosols. Non-event periods in April and May were used to provide context in the interpretation of extreme events. This study demonstrates that carbonaceous aerosols from biomass burning, coal combustion, and motor vehicles containing organic and elemental components that are typically found in fine particles were included in coarse particle mass during dust events. Primary and secondary carbonaceous particles were found to become internally mixed with dust, which is expected to have implications on the dust’s chemical composition and surface properties.
82 citations
"Particulate Matter Toxicity Evaluat..." refers background in this paper
...PM is a complex mixture of suspended solid and liquid particles with different physical, chemical and toxicological properties which originates from natural and anthropogenic sources (Stone et al., 2011)....
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TL;DR: The results indicate that PM emission reductions are not equally translated into ecotoxicity reductions, implying some deficiencies on the actual environmental impact of emission control technologies and regulations.
71 citations
Additional excerpts
...Finally, Vouitsis et al. (2009) collected PM emitted from light-duty vehicles on PTFE-coated fibre filters....
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TL;DR: PAHs concentrations can be considered a more reliable index for air-quality assessment and it was found that when the vehicular traffic is the main source of PAHs, there is a negative correlation between ambient temperature, wind speed and PAHS concentration (Bari).
67 citations
"Particulate Matter Toxicity Evaluat..." refers background in this paper
...The highest concentrations of atmospheric PAHs were found in urban environments because of their extensive vehicular traffic and poor atmospheric dispersion (Miguel et al., 1998; Amodio et al., 2009)....
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TL;DR: The results presented here constitute the first direct determination of these toxic species in combustion-derived PM and their potential bioavailability and are of significant interest to epidemiological and toxicological studies of the health effects of both source and ambient PM.
Abstract: An analysis protocol that combines X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy with selective leaching has been developed to examine hazardous species in size-segregated particulate matter (PM) samples derived from the combustion of fossil fuels. The protocol has been used to identify and determine quantitatively the amounts of three important toxic species in combustion-derived PM: viz., nickel sulfides in residual oil fly ash (ROFA) PM, and Cr(VI) and As(III) species in coal fly ash PM. Although it has been assumed that these toxic species might exist in PM derived from fossil-fuel combustion, the results presented here constitute the first direct determination of them in combustion-derived PM and their potential bioavailability. Detailed information on the presence of these toxic species in PM samples is of significant interest to epidemiological and toxicological studies of the health effects of both source and ambient PM. Additionally, information is obtained on insoluble forms that may be useful for source attribution and on the distribution of phases between size fractions that may be related to formation mechanisms of specific toxic species during combustion.
64 citations
"Particulate Matter Toxicity Evaluat..." refers background in this paper
...Respirable PM includes and adsorbs several organic and inorganic compounds; many of them are toxic and/or carcinogenic as the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals (Goyer 1986; Lighty et al., 2000; Huggins et al., 2004; Masih et al., 2012)....
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