Pathologic Features of Initial Adenomas as Predictors for Metachronous Adenomas of the Rectum
04 Nov 1998-Journal of the National Cancer Institute (Oxford University Press)-Vol. 90, Iss: 21, pp 1661-1665
TL;DR: The risk of metachronous adenomas is closely related to the pathology of initial adenomatous polyps, thus allowing identification of a high-risk group of adenoma patients for close surveillance after their initial polypectomy.
Abstract: Background Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the world, arising mostly from pre-existing adenomatous polyps (adenomas) of the large bowel. Patients with colorectal adenomas are at increased risk of colorectal cancer because of a high recurrence rate for adenomas. We followed a cohort of 1490 patients with rectal adenomas to determine whether recurrence might be related to pathologic characteristics of the initial adenomas. Methods The patients were identified in Haining County, China, from 1977 through 1978 by means of examination with a 15-cm rigid sigmoidoscope. They were followed by endoscopic examination at years 2, 4, 6, 11, and 16 after their initial polypectomy. New adenomas in the rectum were identified in 280 patients in these follow-up examinations. Results Statistically significant twofold to threefold elevated risks of metachronous (recurrent) adenomas were observed for patients who had more than two initial adenomas or whose most advanced initial adenoma was more than 1.0 cm in size, was of villous/tubulovillous type, or showed moderate to severe dysplasia. Much stronger associations were observed for advanced metachronous neoplasms, which are defined as cancers or adenomas with severe dysplasia, with multivariate adjusted relative risks (95% confidence interval) of 4.2 (1.8-9.9) for a large initial adenoma (>1.0 cm), 8.1 (4.2-15.6) for villous/tubulovillous architecture, and 14.4 (5.0-41.3) for severe dysplasia. In particular, patients who had a large (>1.0 cm) adenoma with severe dysplasia at baseline had a relative risk of 37 (7.8-174.7) of developing advanced metachronous neoplasms compared with patients who had small adenoma(s) with mild dysplasia. Conclusions The risk of metachronous adenomas is closely related to the pathology of initial adenomas, thus allowing identification of a high-risk group of adenoma patients for close surveillance after their initial polypectomy.
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Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center1, Harvard University2, Boston University3, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center4, American Cancer Society5, Oregon Health & Science University6, University of Utah7, Kaiser Permanente8, University of Minnesota9, University of Colorado Denver10, University of Vermont11, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center12, Creighton University13, Eastern Virginia Medical School14, Indiana University15
TL;DR: In this article, a careful analytic approach was designed to address all evidence available in the literature to delineate predictors of advanced pathology, both cancer and advanced adenomas, so that patients can be stratified more definitely at their baseline colonoscopy into those at lower risk or increased risk for a subsequent advanced neoplasia.
677 citations
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center1, Harvard University2, Boston University3, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center4, American Cancer Society5, Oregon Health & Science University6, University of Utah7, Kaiser Permanente8, University of Minnesota9, University of Colorado Denver10, University of Vermont11, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center12, Creighton University13, Eastern Virginia Medical School14, Indiana University15
TL;DR: A careful analytic approach was designed addressing all evidence available in the literature to delineate predictors of advanced pathology, both cancer and advanced adenomas, so that patients can be more definitely stratified at their baseline colonoscopy into those at lower or increased risk for a subsequent advanced neoplasia.
Abstract: Adenomatous polyps are the most common neoplastic findings uncovered in people who undergo colorectal screening or have a diagnostic workup for symptoms. It was common practice in the 1970s for these patients to have annual follow-up surveillance examinations to detect additional new adenomas as well as missed synchronous adenomas. As a result of the National Polyp Study report in 1993, which demonstrated clearly in a randomized design that the first postpolypectomy examination could be deferred for 3 years, guidelines published by a gastrointestinal consortium in 1997 recommended that the first follow-up surveillance be 3 years after polypectomy for most patients. In 2003, these guidelines were updated, colonoscopy was recommended as the only follow-up examination, and stratification at baseline into lower and higher risk for subsequent adenomas was suggested. The 1997 and 2003 guidelines dealt with both screening and surveillance. However, it has become increasingly clear that postpolypectomy surveillance is now a large part of endoscopic practice, draining resources from screening and diagnosis. In addition, surveys have demonstrated that a large proportion of endoscopists are conducting surveillance examinations at shorter intervals than recommended in the guidelines. In the present paper, a careful analytic approach was designed addressing all evidence available in the literature to delineate predictors of advanced pathology, both cancer and advanced adenomas, so that patients can be more definitely stratified at their baseline colonoscopy into those at lower or increased risk for a subsequent advanced neoplasia. People at increased risk have either three or more adenomas, or high-grade dysplasia, or villous features, or an adenoma ≥1 cm in size. It is recommended that they have a 3-year follow-up colonoscopy. People at lower risk who have one or two small (<1 cm) tubular adenomas with no high-grade dysplasia can have a follow up in 5 to 10 years, whereas people with hyperplastic polyps only should have a 10-year follow up as average-risk people. Recent papers have reported a significant number of missed cancers by colonoscopy. However, high-quality baseline colonoscopy with excellent patient preparation and adequate withdrawal time should minimize this and reduce clinicians' concerns. These guidelines were developed jointly by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer and the American Cancer Society to provide a broader consensus and thereby increase utilization of the recommendations by endoscopists. Adoption of these guidelines nationally can have a dramatic impact on shifting available resources from intensive surveillance to screening. It has been shown that the first screening colonoscopy and polypectomy produces the greatest effects on reducing the incidence of colorectal cancer in patients with adenomatous polyps.
597 citations
Cites background from "Pathologic Features of Initial Aden..."
...Most of the studies that assessed risk factors for advanced adenomas at surveillance were either randomized controlled trials of surveillance,(25) chemoprevention trials, prospective surveillance studies,(24) or registry-based observational cohort studies of patients returning for surveillance with less structured follow up outside the context of a clinical trial.(7,12,21,30,31,33,35) The most consistent evidence for predicting subsequent advanced adenomas indicates that multiplicity, size, villous histology, and high-grade dysplasia are the important factors at baseline....
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...0 cm at baseline.(30) Noshirwani, et al....
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...4), respectively, for the development of subsequent advanced neoplasia (rectal cancer or severe dysplasia) in patients with moderate and severe dysplasia at baseline.(30) Lieberman, et al....
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...High-grade dysplasia is related to larger adenoma size and villous component at baseline and is an important predictor for subsequent advanced neoplasia in three of the observational cohort studies.(7,24,30) By definition, all adenomas have some level of dysplasia....
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...0) for the detection of advanced neoplasms (rectal cancer, or adenoma with severe dysplasia) at follow up.(30) Loeve reported a significant trend for increasing risk of colorectal cancer at surveillance in relationship to increasing villous component or carcinoma in situ compared with tubular histology....
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University of Arizona1, Dartmouth College2, Portland VA Medical Center3, National Institutes of Health4, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center5, Veterans Health Administration6, University of Minnesota7, United States Department of Veterans Affairs8, Harvard University9, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center10
TL;DR: Factors that are associated most strongly with risk of advanced neoplasia are patient age and the number and size of prior adenomas.
507 citations
TL;DR: There is a strong association between results of baseline screening colonoscopy and rate of serious incident lesions during 5.5 years of surveillance and patients with 1 or 2 tubular adenomas less than 10 mm represent a low-risk group compared with other patients with colon neoplasia.
402 citations
TL;DR: Large or proximally located adenomas are important indicators of recurrence of advanced lesions and careful surveillance of this area is warranted.
255 citations
References
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TL;DR: The results support the suspected relationship between colorectal polyps and cancer incidence and extend the association to coloreCTal cancer mortality.
Abstract: Background Pathologic and epidemiologic evidence indicates that patients with sporadic (nonfamilial) adenomatous polyps of the large intestine are at high risk of developing colorectal cancer. Purpose Our primary goal in this study was to evaluate the colorectal cancer mortality rate among persons who have had a histologically confirmed benign colorectal polyp. Methods We used the retrospective follow-up method to evaluate the risk of death from colorectal cancer in 2872 Rhode Island men and women who were 24 through 79 years of age at the time of surgery for benign polyps in the years 1959 through 1975. Results Among 2872 subjects, the mortality from colorectal cancer, standardized for age, sex, and calendar time, was estimated as 1.74 (95% confidence interval = 1.44-2.09) times the rate in the general population of Rhode Island residents. Colorectal cancer mortality was higher in the first 5 years of follow-up than it was later. There was little relationship between the numbers of polyps and colorectal cancer mortality, and there was only a modest association between the size of polyps and mortality. Colorectal cancer mortality was more than twice as high in subjects whose polyps were proximal to the sigmoid compared with those with sigmoid or rectal polyps. The observed elevation of risk of colorectal cancer was almost entirely confined to subjects who had an adenomatous polyp. The risk increased strongly with the percentage of villous features in the polyp and was about twice as high in subjects with villous adenoma than in those with other adenomatous polyps. Conclusions Our results support the suspected relationship between colorectal polyps and cancer incidence and extend the association to colorectal cancer mortality.
65 citations
TL;DR: Although designed primarily for the marginal approach, MULCOX2 is general enough to implement several alternative methods and run on any computer with a FORTRAN compiler.
47 citations
TL;DR: The quantitative estimates of this study are of interest for their population‐based nature, and are potentially useful for defining and targeting screening colonoscopy programmes.
Abstract: An association between adenomatous polyps of the large bowel and colorectal cancer has been reported, in the absence, however, of population-based estimates of risk. Subjects with histologically confirmed first diagnosis of large-bowel polyps notified to the population-based Cancer Registry of the Swiss Canton of Vaud (about 600,000 inhabitants) during the calendar period 1979-1990 were actively followed up to the end of 1990 for the subsequent occurrence of malignant neoplasms. Among 2,496 individuals with intestinal polyps, followed for a total of 10,310 person-years at risk (6,201 among males and 4,109 among females), 150 malignant neoplasms were registered versus 152 expected. Thus, the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) for all cancers combined was 0.99. A significant excess was observed for colorectal cancer, with 35 cases observed (19 males, 16 females) versus 17.0 expected (SIR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.5-3.0). There was also an excess, although not significant, for small-bowel cancer (2 cases observed vs. 0.4 expected; SIR = 5.4). In none of the other cancer sites was SIR significantly or appreciably elevated: in subjects with colorectal polyps the SIR was 1.6 for stomach, 1.0 for lung, 0.9 for breast and 1.2 for prostate. The SIR of colorectal cancer was 3.1 in the first year since polyp registration, and declined thereafter to 1.8, in the absence, however, of any further trend with time since diagnosis. The cumulative risk of colorectal cancer in subjects with colorectal polyps was 2% at 5 years and 3% at 10 years. The quantitative estimates of this study are of interest for their population-based nature, and are potentially useful for defining and targeting screening colonoscopy programmes.
23 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Ten year-follow up of 2815 patients with resected rectoanal adenomas or polyps revealed recurrence in 225 patients with a rate of 7.99%, and the recurrence rate of multiple adenoma and polyps had a higher Recurrence rate than single ones.
Abstract: Ten year-follow up of 2815 patients with resected rectoanal adenomas or polyps revealed recurrence in 225 patients with a rate of 7.99%. The recurrence rate of villotubular adenoma and villous adenoma was 18.26% and 15.79% respectively, the more the volume of adenomas and polyps is, the higher the recurrence, in which the recurrence rate of more than 2 cm in diameter is 19.23% and the recurrence rate of multiple adenoma and polyps had a higher recurrence rate than single ones (17.39% vs 6.88%). Canceration in 10 years was found in 16 patients with a rate of 0.57%.
2 citations