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Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (Information Science and Statistics)
01 Aug 2006-
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TL;DR: This historical survey compactly summarizes relevant work, much of it from the previous millennium, review deep supervised learning, unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning & evolutionary computation, and indirect search for short programs encoding deep and large networks.
14,635 citations
Cites background from "Pattern Recognition and Machine Lea..."
...To address overfitting, instead of depending on pre-wired regularizers and hyper-parameters (Bishop, 2006; Hertz, Krogh, & Palmer, 1991), self-delimiting RNNs (SLIM NNs) with competing units (Schmidhuber, 2012) can in principle learn to select their own runtime and their own numbers of effective…...
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...…ExpectationMaximization (EM) (Dempster, Laird, & Rubin, 1977; Friedman, Hastie, & Tibshirani, 2001), e.g., Baldi and Chauvin (1996), Bengio (1991), Bishop (2006), Bottou (1991), Bourlard andMorgan (1994), Dahl, Yu, Deng, and Acero (2012), Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman (2009), Hinton, Deng, et…...
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Posted Content•
TL;DR: It is shown that convolutional networks by themselves, trained end- to-end, pixels-to-pixels, improve on the previous best result in semantic segmentation.
Abstract: Convolutional networks are powerful visual models that yield hierarchies of features. We show that convolutional networks by themselves, trained end-to-end, pixels-to-pixels, exceed the state-of-the-art in semantic segmentation. Our key insight is to build "fully convolutional" networks that take input of arbitrary size and produce correspondingly-sized output with efficient inference and learning. We define and detail the space of fully convolutional networks, explain their application to spatially dense prediction tasks, and draw connections to prior models. We adapt contemporary classification networks (AlexNet, the VGG net, and GoogLeNet) into fully convolutional networks and transfer their learned representations by fine-tuning to the segmentation task. We then define a novel architecture that combines semantic information from a deep, coarse layer with appearance information from a shallow, fine layer to produce accurate and detailed segmentations. Our fully convolutional network achieves state-of-the-art segmentation of PASCAL VOC (20% relative improvement to 62.2% mean IU on 2012), NYUDv2, and SIFT Flow, while inference takes one third of a second for a typical image.
9,803 citations
TL;DR: Fully convolutional networks (FCN) as mentioned in this paper were proposed to combine semantic information from a deep, coarse layer with appearance information from shallow, fine layer to produce accurate and detailed segmentations.
Abstract: Convolutional networks are powerful visual models that yield hierarchies of features. We show that convolutional networks by themselves, trained end-to-end, pixels-to-pixels, improve on the previous best result in semantic segmentation. Our key insight is to build “fully convolutional” networks that take input of arbitrary size and produce correspondingly-sized output with efficient inference and learning. We define and detail the space of fully convolutional networks, explain their application to spatially dense prediction tasks, and draw connections to prior models. We adapt contemporary classification networks (AlexNet, the VGG net, and GoogLeNet) into fully convolutional networks and transfer their learned representations by fine-tuning to the segmentation task. We then define a skip architecture that combines semantic information from a deep, coarse layer with appearance information from a shallow, fine layer to produce accurate and detailed segmentations. Our fully convolutional networks achieve improved segmentation of PASCAL VOC (30% relative improvement to 67.2% mean IU on 2012), NYUDv2, SIFT Flow, and PASCAL-Context, while inference takes one tenth of a second for a typical image.
4,960 citations
TL;DR: This article attempts to strengthen the links between the two research communities by providing a survey of work in reinforcement learning for behavior generation in robots by highlighting both key challenges in robot reinforcement learning as well as notable successes.
Abstract: Reinforcement learning offers to robotics a framework and set of tools for the design of sophisticated and hard-to-engineer behaviors. Conversely, the challenges of robotic problems provide both inspiration, impact, and validation for developments in reinforcement learning. The relationship between disciplines has sufficient promise to be likened to that between physics and mathematics. In this article, we attempt to strengthen the links between the two research communities by providing a survey of work in reinforcement learning for behavior generation in robots. We highlight both key challenges in robot reinforcement learning as well as notable successes. We discuss how contributions tamed the complexity of the domain and study the role of algorithms, representations, and prior knowledge in achieving these successes. As a result, a particular focus of our paper lies on the choice between model-based and model-free as well as between value-function-based and policy-search methods. By analyzing a simple problem in some detail we demonstrate how reinforcement learning approaches may be profitably applied, and we note throughout open questions and the tremendous potential for future research.
2,391 citations
Cites background from "Pattern Recognition and Machine Lea..."
...In contrast, non-parametric methods expand representational power in relation to collected data and, hence, are not limited by the representation power of a chosen parametrization (Bishop, 2006)....
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TL;DR: Stochastic variational inference lets us apply complex Bayesian models to massive data sets, and it is shown that the Bayesian nonparametric topic model outperforms its parametric counterpart.
Abstract: We develop stochastic variational inference, a scalable algorithm for approximating posterior distributions. We develop this technique for a large class of probabilistic models and we demonstrate it with two probabilistic topic models, latent Dirichlet allocation and the hierarchical Dirichlet process topic model. Using stochastic variational inference, we analyze several large collections of documents: 300K articles from Nature, 1.8M articles from The New York Times, and 3.8M articles from Wikipedia. Stochastic inference can easily handle data sets of this size and outperforms traditional variational inference, which can only handle a smaller subset. (We also show that the Bayesian nonparametric topic model outperforms its parametric counterpart.) Stochastic variational inference lets us apply complex Bayesian models to massive data sets.
2,291 citations
Cites background or methods from "Pattern Recognition and Machine Lea..."
...Statistical machine learning research has addressed some of these challenges by developing the field of probabilistic modeling, a field that provides an elegant approach to developing new methods for analyzing data (Pearl, 1988; Jordan, 1999; Bishop, 2006; Koller and Friedman, 2009; Murphy, 2012)....
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...Further, the optimal mean-field distribution, without regard to its particular functional form, has factors in these families (Bishop, 2006)....
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