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Patterns of Caloric Intake and Body Mass Index Among U.S. Adults
01 Jan 2002-Vol. 25, Iss: 3
About: The article was published on 2002-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 13 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Body mass index.
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TL;DR: In White men all four risk factors were inversely associated with socioeconomic position, although often associations were only present or were stronger for education than for income, and higher SES was associated with higher BMI in non-White men.
Abstract: Many studies document racial variation, gender differences, and socioeconomic status (SES) patterning in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors but few studies have investigated heterogeneity in SES differences by race/ethnicity or gender Using data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (N = 6,814) and stratified regression models, we investigated race/ethnic differences in the SES patterning of diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and body mass index (BMI) Inverse socioeconomic gradients in hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and BMI were observed in White and Black women but associations were weaker or absent in Hispanic and Chinese women (except in the case of diabetes for Hispanic women) Even greater heterogeneity in social patterning of risk factors was observed in men In White men all four risk factors were inversely associated with socioeconomic position, although often associations were only present or were stronger for education than for income The inverse socioeconomic patterning was much less consistent in men of other races/ethnic groups, and higher SES was associated with higher BMI in non-White men These findings have implications for understanding the causes of social patterning, for the analysis of SES adjusted race/ethnic differences, and for the targeting of interventions
63 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors use data from the USDA's 1994-96 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and the 1994-1996 Diet and Health Knowledge Survey to ascertain whether economic factors help explain weight differences among adults.
Abstract: We use data from the USDA's 1994-96 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and the 1994-96 Diet and Health Knowledge Survey to ascertain whether economic factors help explain weight differences among adults. Weight differs among demographic subgroups, and differences in specific behaviors, health awareness, and eating patterns can be linked to weight outcomes. An economic framework helps explain how socioeconomic factors affect an individual's ability to achieve good health. Our results suggest that income, household composition, and formal education help explain variation in behaviors and attitudes that are significantly associated with weight outcomes.
50 citations
11 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of potential dietary exposure in the United Arab Emirates to methylmercury and pesticides above international guideline levels shows very low daily risks of exposure to pesticides in fruits and vegetables at levels exceeding WHO guidelines even under the conservative assumption that no pesticides are removed during washing and food preparation.
Abstract: As part of a comprehensive environmental health strategic planning project initiated by the government of Abu Dhabi, we assessed potential dietary exposure in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to methylmercury (in seafood) and pesticides (in fruits and vegetables) above international guideline levels. We present results for the UAE population by age, gender, and body mass index. Our results show very low daily risks of exposure to pesticides in fruits and vegetables at levels exceeding WHO guidelines even under the conservative assumption that no pesticides are removed during washing and food preparation. Thus, exposure to pesticides on fruits and vegetables does not appear to be a major public health concern in the UAE. The chances of exposure to methylmercury in seafood are much higher; our model estimates a mean 1 in 5 daily risk of exceeding the FAO/WHO provisional tolerable weekly intake. However, great caution should be used in interpreting these results, as we analyzed only the risks and not the substantial benefits of fish consumption. In fact, previous studies have demonstrated that exposure to the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish can increase IQ in developing children, and it can substantially decrease the risk in adults of coronary heart disease and stroke. Further research is warranted to compare the risk of Me-Hg exposure from fish to the nutritional benefits of fish consumption in the UAE and to determine appropriate methods to communicate risk and benefit information to the UAE population.
10 citations
Cites background from "Patterns of Caloric Intake and Body..."
...Since uncertainty exists regarding a direct correlation between caloric intake and BMI, the model assumes equal food portions across all three BMI categories.(53) Table VII....
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TL;DR: In this article, the effects of public and privately-subsidized housing assistance on food expenditures were examined. And the authors found that public housing reduces food spending among those who were receiving food stamps before they moved in, while privately owned assisted housing has no statistically significant effect on food spending.
Abstract: This paper examines whether the effects of housing assistance on food expenditures are different for recent food stamp recipients versus non-recipients. Since housing absorbs a large share of low-income household budgets, it is plausible to expect that housing assistance could free up substantial income to be spent on other basic necessities, such as food. On the other hand, if the disincentive inherent in the two programs amplify each other, there could be strong adverse effects on income, which could result in flat, or even reduced, expenditures on food. Two types of housing assistance are examined: public housing, and federally-subsidized privately-owned housing. Although both types of housing assistance are found to increase participation in the food stamp program, they have distinct effects on food spending. Public housing reduces food spending among those who were receiving food stamps before they moved in. But among those not formerly receiving food stamps, public housing tends to raise food spending. Privatelyowned assisted housing has no statistically significant effects on food spending.
9 citations
References
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TL;DR: The increases in the prevalences of obesity and overweight previously observed continued in 1999-2000, and increases occurred for both men and women in all age groups and for non-Hispanic whites, non- Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans.
Abstract: ContextThe prevalence of obesity and overweight increased in the United States
between 1978 and 1991. More recent reports have suggested continued increases
but are based on self-reported data.ObjectiveTo examine trends and prevalences of overweight (body mass index [BMI]
≥25) and obesity (BMI ≥30), using measured height and weight data.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsSurvey of 4115 adult men and women conducted in 1999 and 2000 as part
of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a nationally
representative sample of the US population.Main Outcome MeasureAge-adjusted prevalence of overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity
compared with prior surveys, and sex-, age-, and race/ethnicity–specific
estimates.ResultsThe age-adjusted prevalence of obesity was 30.5% in 1999-2000 compared
with 22.9% in NHANES III (1988-1994; P<.001).
The prevalence of overweight also increased during this period from 55.9%
to 64.5% (P<.001). Extreme obesity (BMI ≥40)
also increased significantly in the population, from 2.9% to 4.7% (P = .002). Although not all changes were statistically significant,
increases occurred for both men and women in all age groups and for non-Hispanic
whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans. Racial/ethnic groups did
not differ significantly in the prevalence of obesity or overweight for men.
Among women, obesity and overweight prevalences were highest among non-Hispanic
black women. More than half of non-Hispanic black women aged 40 years or older
were obese and more than 80% were overweight.ConclusionsThe increases in the prevalences of obesity and overweight previously
observed continued in 1999-2000. The potential health benefits from reduction
in overweight and obesity are of considerable public health importance.
6,523 citations
TL;DR: The failure of some obese subjects to lose weight while eating a diet they report as low in calories is due to an energy intake substantially higher than reported and an overestimation of physical activity, not to an abnormality in thermogenesis.
Abstract: Background and Methods. Some obese subjects repeatedly fail to lose weight even though they report restricting their caloric intake to less than 1200 kcal per day. We studied two explanations for this apparent resistance to diet — low total energy expenditure and underreporting of caloric intake — in 224 consecutive obese subjects presenting for treatment. Group 1 consisted of nine women and one man with a history of diet resistance in whom we evaluated total energy expenditure and its main thermogenic components and actual energy intake for 14 days by indirect calorimetry and analysis of body composition. Group 2, subgroups of which served as controls in the various evaluations, consisted of 67 women and 13 men with no history of diet resistance. Results. Total energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate in the subjects with diet resistance (group 1) were within 5 percent of the predicted values for body composition, and there was no significant difference between groups 1 and 2 in the thermic...
1,262 citations