Pectins: structure, biosynthesis, and oligogalacturonide-related signaling.

doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00113-3

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Pectins: structure, biosynthesis, and oligogalacturonide-related signaling.

Journal Article•DOI•

Pectins: structure, biosynthesis, and oligogalacturonide-related signaling.

Brent L. Ridley¹, Malcolm A. O'Neill¹, Debra Mohnen¹•Institutions (1)

University of Georgia¹

01 Jul 2001-Phytochemistry (Elsevier)-Vol. 57, Iss: 6, pp 929-967

TL;DR: The view of critical questions regarding pectin structure, biosynthesis, and function that need to be addressed in the coming decade are presented and new methods that may be useful to study localized pectins in the plant cell wall are described.

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About: This article is published in Phytochemistry.The article was published on 2001-07-01. It has received 1795 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Modified Citrus Pectin.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Growth of the plant cell wall

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Daniel J. Cosgrove¹•Institutions (1)

Pennsylvania State University¹

01 Nov 2005-Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology

TL;DR: Recent discoveries have uncovered how plant cells synthesize wall polysaccharides, assemble them into a strong fibrous network and regulate wall expansion during cell growth.

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Abstract: Plant cells encase themselves within a complex polysaccharide wall, which constitutes the raw material that is used to manufacture textiles, paper, lumber, films, thickeners and other products. The plant cell wall is also the primary source of cellulose, the most abundant and useful biopolymer on the Earth. The cell wall not only strengthens the plant body, but also has key roles in plant growth, cell differentiation, intercellular communication, water movement and defence. Recent discoveries have uncovered how plant cells synthesize wall polysaccharides, assemble them into a strong fibrous network and regulate wall expansion during cell growth.

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2,832 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Pectin structure and biosynthesis

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Debra Mohnen¹•Institutions (1)

University of Georgia¹

01 Jun 2008-Current Opinion in Plant Biology

TL;DR: New developments in understanding pectin structure, function, and biosynthesis indicate that these polysaccharides have roles in both primary and secondary cell walls.

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1,810 citations

Cites background from "Pectins: structure, biosynthesis, a..."

...Overview of pectin function Multiple lines of evidence indicate a role for pectin in plant growth, development, morphogenesis, defense, cell–cell adhesion, wall structure, signaling, cell expansion, wall porosity, binding of ions, growth factors and enzymes, pollen tube growth, seed hydration, leaf abscission, and fruit development [2,16]....
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...GT D-GalAT HG/RG-II *GalAa1,4-GalA a1,4-GalAT [2] GAUT1 At3g61130...
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...Introduction Pectin is the most structurally complex family of polysaccharides in nature, making up 35% of primary walls in dicots and non-graminaceous monocots, 2–10% of grass and other commelinoid primary walls, and up to 5% of walls in woody tissue [1,2] (Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Biomass Program: http://www1....
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...Several reviews on pectin biosynthesis synthesis [2,7,8], plant wall biosynthesis [9–12], and regulation of cell wall synthesis [13,14] have recently been published....
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...GT D-GalT RG-I/AGP Galb1,3-Gal b1,3-GalT [2] –...
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Journal Article•DOI•

Biological Roles of Glycans

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Ajit Varki¹•Institutions (1)

University of California, San Diego¹

01 Jan 2017-Glycobiology

TL;DR: It is time for the diverse functional roles of glycans to be fully incorporated into the mainstream of biological sciences, as they are no different from other major macromolecular building blocks of life, simply more rapidly evolving and complex.

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Abstract: Simple and complex carbohydrates (glycans) have long been known to play major metabolic, structural and physical roles in biological systems. Targeted microbial binding to host glycans has also been studied for decades. But such biological roles can only explain some of the remarkable complexity and organismal diversity of glycans in nature. Reviewing the subject about two decades ago, one could find very few clear-cut instances of glycan-recognition-specific biological roles of glycans that were of intrinsic value to the organism expressing them. In striking contrast there is now a profusion of examples, such that this updated review cannot be comprehensive. Instead, a historical overview is presented, broad principles outlined and a few examples cited, representing diverse types of roles, mediated by various glycan classes, in different evolutionary lineages. What remains unchanged is the fact that while all theories regarding biological roles of glycans are supported by compelling evidence, exceptions to each can be found. In retrospect, this is not surprising. Complex and diverse glycans appear to be ubiquitous to all cells in nature, and essential to all life forms. Thus, >3 billion years of evolution consistently generated organisms that use these molecules for many key biological roles, even while sometimes coopting them for minor functions. In this respect, glycans are no different from other major macromolecular building blocks of life (nucleic acids, proteins and lipids), simply more rapidly evolving and complex. It is time for the diverse functional roles of glycans to be fully incorporated into the mainstream of biological sciences.

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1,588 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Plant responses to insect herbivory: The emerging molecular analysis

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André Kessler¹, Ian T. Baldwin¹•Institutions (1)

Max Planck Society¹

01 Jan 2002-Annual Review of Plant Biology

TL;DR: Large-scale transcriptional changes accompany insect-induced resistance, which is organized into specific temporal and spatial patterns and points to the existence of herbivore-specific trans-activating elements orchestrating the responses.

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Abstract: ▪ Abstract Plants respond to herbivore attack with a bewildering array of responses, broadly categorized as direct and indirect defenses, and tolerance. Plant-herbivore interactions are played out on spatial scales that include the cellular responses, well-studied in plant-pathogen interactions, as well as responses that function at whole-plant and community levels. The plant's wound response plays a central role but is frequently altered by insect-specific elicitors, giving plants the potential to optimize their defenses. In this review, we emphasize studies that advance the molecular understanding of elicited direct and indirect defenses and include verifications with insect bioassays. Large-scale transcriptional changes accompany insect-induced resistance, which is organized into specific temporal and spatial patterns and points to the existence of herbivore-specific trans-activating elements orchestrating the responses. Such organizational elements could help elucidate the molecular control over the d...

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1,423 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The structure, function, and biosynthesis of plant cell wall pectic polysaccharides.

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Kerry Hosmer Caffall¹, Debra Mohnen¹•Institutions (1)

University of Georgia¹

28 Sep 2009-Carbohydrate Research

TL;DR: The identification of glycosyltransferases involved in pectin synthesis is essential to the study of cell wall function in plant growth and development and for maximizing the value and use of plant polysaccharides in industry and human health.

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1,309 citations

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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth

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Nicholas C. Carpita¹, David M. Gibeaut¹•Institutions (1)

Purdue University¹

01 Jan 1993-Plant Journal

TL;DR: This review integrates information on the chemical structure of individual polymers with data obtained from new techniques used to probe the arrangement of the polymers within the walls of individual cells consistent with the physical properties of the wall and its components.

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Abstract: Advances in determination of polymer structure and in preservation of structure for electron microscopy provide the best view to date of how polysaccharides and structural proteins are organized into plant cell walls. The walls that form and partition dividing cells are modified chemically and structurally from the walls expanding to provide a cell with its functional form. In grasses, the chemical structure of the wall differs from that of all other flowering plant species that have been examined. Nevertheless, both types of wall must conform to the same physical laws. Cell expansion occurs via strictly regulated reorientation of each of the wall's components that first permits the wall to stretch in specific directions and then lock into final shape. This review integrates information on the chemical structure of individual polymers with data obtained from new techniques used to probe the arrangement of the polymers within the walls of individual cells. We provide structural models of two distinct types of walls in flowering plants consistent with the physical properties of the wall and its components.

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3,417 citations

"Pectins: structure, biosynthesis, a..." refers background in this paper

...This view has gradually changed and current models emphasize the predominance of noncovalent linkages between wall polymers (Carpita and Gibeaut, 1993)....
[...]
..., 1967b; Stephen, 1983b; Aspinall, 1980) l-AraT XI RG-I/AGP Galb1,6-Gal 1,3-l-ArafT (Carpita and Gibeaut, 1993) l-AraT XII RG-I/AGP Galb1,6-Gal 1,6-l-ArafT (Carpita and Gibeaut, 1993) l-FucT I RG-I Galb1,4-Gal 1,2-l-FucT (O’Neill et al....
[...]
..., 1997; Carpita and Gibeaut, 1993) d-GalAT III RG-II l-Rhab1,30-Apif 1,3GalAT (O’Neill et al., 1997; Carpita and Gibeaut, 1993) l-RhaT I RG-II Apifb1,2-GalA 1,30-l-RhaT (O’Neill et al....
[...]
..., 1990) d-GalAT II RG-II l-Rhab1,30-Apif 1,2-GalAT (O’Neill et al., 1997; Carpita and Gibeaut, 1993) d-GalAT III RG-II l-Rhab1,30-Apif 1,3GalAT (O’Neill et al....
[...]
..., 1997; Carpita and Gibeaut, 1993) l-RhaT II RG-II Kdo2,3GalA 1,5-l-RhaT (O’Neill et al., 1997; Carpita and Gibeaut, 1993) l-RhaT III RG-II l-Arapa1,4-Gal 1,2- l-RhaT (O’Neill et al....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

The oxidative burst in plant disease resistance

[...]

Christopher J. Lamb¹, Richard A. Dixon•Institutions (1)

Salk Institute for Biological Studies¹

01 Jun 1997

TL;DR: Emerging data indicate that the oxidative burst reflects activation of a membrane-bound NADPH oxidase closely resembling that operating in activated neutrophils, which underlies the expression of disease-resistance mechanisms.

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Abstract: Rapid generation of superoxide and accumulation of H2O2 is a characteristic early feature of the hypersensitive response following perception of pathogen avirulence signals. Emerging data indicate that the oxidative burst reflects activation of a membrane-bound NADPH oxidase closely resembling that operating in activated neutrophils. The oxidants are not only direct protective agents, but H2O2 also functions as a substrate for oxidative cross-linking in the cell wall, as a threshold trigger for hypersensitive cell death, and as a diffusible signal for induction of cellular protectant genes in surrounding cells. Activation of the oxidative burst is a central component of a highly amplified and integrated signal system, also involving salicylic acid and perturbations of cytosolic Ca2+, which underlies the expression of disease-resistance mechanisms.

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3,203 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Biological interactions between polysaccharides and divalent cations: The egg‐box model

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Gregor T. Grant, Edwin R. Morris, David A. Rees, Peter J. C. Smith, David Thom - Show less +1 more

15 May 1973-FEBS Letters

TL;DR: It is shown that spedfic binding of divalent cations to a polysaechafide polyelectro]ym, leading firm cohesion between the chains, can cause characteristic effects in the c~rcutar diehroism spectrum which are understandabb in terms of modem theo~, [ l ].

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2,505 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Integrins: Emerging Paradigms of Signal Transduction

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Martin A. Schwartz¹, Michael D. Schaller, Mark H. Ginsberg•Institutions (1)

Scripps Research Institute¹

01 Jan 1995-Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology

TL;DR: Integrins receive signals from other receptors that lead to activation of ligand binding (inside-out signaling) and matrix assembly and activate intracellular signaling pathways that converse with pathways initiated by soluble ligands to regulate cell functions.

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Abstract: Integrins receive signals from other receptors that lead to activation of ligand binding (inside-out signaling) and matrix assembly. Upon binding ligands, they also activate intracellular signaling pathways. These signals converse with pathways that are initiated by soluble ligands to regulate cell functions. In this way, cell adhesion is coordinated with other events to orchestrate complex cellular behavior.

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1,645 citations

"Pectins: structure, biosynthesis, a..." refers background in this paper

...Changes in the tension of cell wall polymers may be transmitted to the cytoskeleton and initiate signaling cascades through transmembrane proteins similar to integrins (Schwartz et al., 1995; Miller et al., 1997; Faik et al., 1998)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

FT-IR study of plant cell wall model compounds: pectic polysaccharides and hemicelluloses

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M. Kačuráková¹, Peter Capek¹, Vlasta Sasinková¹, Nikolaus Wellner², Anna Ebringerová¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (2)

Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences¹, Norwich Research Park²

01 Oct 2000-Carbohydrate Polymers

TL;DR: In this article, the spectral properties of the mid-infrared spectrum were investigated for the identification of polysaccharides with different structure and composition. And the spectral data showed that the main IR band positions are influenced by the relative position of axial and equatorial (OH) groups on the pyranoid ring.

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1,431 citations

"Pectins: structure, biosynthesis, a..." refers background or methods in this paper

...e The Vmax is our calculation using data from Kauss et al. (1969). f (sol): Detergent-solublized enzyme....
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...The major classes of cell wall polysaccharide (HG, RG-I, arabinan, galactan, arabinogalactan, xyloglucan, arabinoglucuronoxylan, glucomannan, and galactoglucomannan) each have distinctive absorption bands (Kacurakova et al., 2000)....
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...Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy is a valuable tool for determining the bulk structural features of polysaccharides and cell walls (Jarvis and McCann, 2000; Kacurakova et al., 2000)....
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