Pedometer measures of free-living physical activity: comparison of 13 models.
01 Feb 2004-Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (Med Sci Sports Exerc)-Vol. 36, Iss: 2, pp 331-335
TL;DR: The KZ, YX200,NL, NL, and YX701 appear to be suitable for most research purposes, and it is necessary that there be consistency across studies in the measurement of "steps per day."
Abstract: PATRICK L. SCHNEIDER, SCOTT E. CROUTER, and DAVID R. BASSETT, JR. Pedometer Measures of Free-Living Physical Activity: Comparison of 13 Models. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 331–335, 2004.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to compare the step values of multiple brands of ped
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TL;DR: This work creates a convenient (no specific position and orientation setting) classification system that uses a mobile phone with a built-in GPS receiver and an accelerometer to identify the transportation mode of an individual when outside.
Abstract: As mobile phones advance in functionality and capability, they are being used for more than just communication. Increasingly, these devices are being employed as instruments for introspection into habits and situations of individuals and communities. Many of the applications enabled by this new use of mobile phones rely on contextual information. The focus of this work is on one dimension of context, the transportation mode of an individual when outside. We create a convenient (no specific position and orientation setting) classification system that uses a mobile phone with a built-in GPS receiver and an accelerometer. The transportation modes identified include whether an individual is stationary, walking, running, biking, or in motorized transport. The overall classification system consists of a decision tree followed by a first-order discrete Hidden Markov Model and achieves an accuracy level of 93.6p when tested on a dataset obtained from sixteen individuals.
869 citations
Cites methods from "Pedometer measures of free-living p..."
...It consists of a sensor, such as a mechanical arm, magnetic switch, or an accelerometer, and software that counts steps based on monitoring upward and downward motions [Crouter et al. 2003; Schneider et al. 2004]....
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...It consists of a sensor, such as a mechanical arm, magnetic switch, or an accelerometer, and software that counts steps based on monitoring upward and downward motions [Crouter et al. 2003; Schneider et al. 2004]....
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TL;DR: The present scientific statement provides a guide to allow professionals to make a goal-specific selection of a meaningful physical activity assessment method.
Abstract: The deleterious health consequences of physical inactivity are vast, and they are of paramount clinical and research importance. Risk identification, benchmarks, efficacy, and evaluation of physical activity behavior change initiatives for clinicians and researchers all require a clear understanding of how to assess physical activity. In the present report, we have provided a clear rationale for the importance of assessing physical activity levels, and we have documented key concepts in understanding the different dimensions, domains, and terminology associated with physical activity measurement. The assessment methods presented allow for a greater understanding of the vast number of options available to clinicians and researchers when trying to assess physical activity levels in their patients or participants. The primary outcome desired is the main determining factor in the choice of physical activity assessment method. In combination with issues of feasibility/practicality, the availability of resources, and administration considerations, the desired outcome guides the choice of an appropriate assessment tool. The decision matrix, along with the accompanying tables, provides a mechanism for this selection that takes all of these factors into account. Clearly, the assessment method adopted and implemented will vary depending on circumstances, because there is no single best instrument appropriate for every situation. In summary, physical activity assessment should be considered a vital health measure that is tracked regularly over time. All other major modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, and smoking) are assessed routinely. Physical activity status should also be assessed regularly. Multiple physical activity assessment methods provide reasonably accurate outcome measures, with choices dependent on setting-specific resources and constraints. The present scientific statement provides a guide to allow professionals to make a goal-specific selection of a meaningful physical activity assessment method.
788 citations
TL;DR: This review focuses on the ability of different accelerometers to assess daily physical activity as compared with the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique, which is considered the gold standard for measuring energy expenditure under free‐living conditions.
Abstract: This review focuses on the ability of different accelerometers to assess daily physical activity as compared with the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique, which is considered the gold standard for measuring energy expenditure under free-living conditions. The PubMed Central database (U.S. NIH free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature) was searched using the following key words: doubly or double labeled or labeled water in combination with accelerometer, accelerometry, motion sensor, or activity monitor. In total, 41 articles were identified, and screening the articles' references resulted in one extra article. Of these, 28 contained sufficient and new data. Eight different accelerometers were identified: 3 uniaxial (the Lifecorder, the Caltrac, and the CSA/MTI/Actigraph), one biaxial (the Actiwatch AW16), 2 triaxial (the Tritrac-R3D and the Tracmor), one device based on two position sensors and two motion sensors (ActiReg), and the foot-ground contact pedometer. Many studies showed poor results. Only a few mentioned partial correlations for accelerometer counts or the increase in R(2) caused by the accelerometer. The correlation between the two methods was often driven by subject characteristics such as body weight. In addition, standard errors or limits of agreement were often large or not presented. The CSA/MTI/Actigraph and the Tracmor were the two most extensively validated accelerometers. The best results were found for the Tracmor; however, this accelerometer is not yet commercially available. Of those commercially available, only the CSA/MTI/Actigraph has been proven to correlate reasonably with DLW-derived energy expenditure.
655 citations
TL;DR: The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of smartphone applications and wearable devices compared with direct observation of step counts, a metric successfully used in interventions to improve clinical outcomes.
Abstract: Accuracy of Smartphone Applications and Wearable Devices for Tracking Physical Activity Data Despite the potential of pedometers to increase physical activity and improve health,1 there is little evidence of broad adoption by the general population. In contrast, nearly twothirds of adults in the United States own a smartphone2 and technology advancements have enabled these devices to track health behaviors such as physical activity and provide convenient feedback.3 New wearable devices that may have more consumer appeal have also been developed. Even though these devices and applications might better engage individuals in their health, for example through workplace wellness programs,3 there has been little evaluation of their use.3-5 The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of smartphone applications and wearable devices compared with direct observation of step counts, a metric successfully used in interventions to improve clinical outcomes.1
575 citations
TL;DR: In this review, key definitions and theoretical aspects, which underpin the measurement of physical activity, are briefly discussed and methods particularly suited for use in epidemiological research are reviewed, with particular reference to their validity, primary outcome measure and considerations when using each in the field.
Abstract: Physical activity has a fundamental role in the prevention and treatment of chronic disease. The precise measurement of physical activity is key to many surveillance and epidemiological studies investigating trends and associations with disease. Public health initiatives aimed at increasing physical activity rely on the measurement of physical activity to monitor their effectiveness. Physical activity is multidimensional, and a complex behaviour to measure; its various domains are often misunderstood. Inappropriate or crude measures of physical activity have serious implications, and are likely to lead to misleading results and underestimate effect size. In this review, key definitions and theoretical aspects, which underpin the measurement of physical activity, are briefly discussed. Methodologies particularly suited for use in epidemiological research are reviewed, with particular reference to their validity, primary outcome measure and considerations when using each in the field. It is acknowledged that the choice of method may be a compromise between accuracy level and feasibility, but the ultimate choice of tool must suit the stated aim of the research. A framework is presented to guide researchers on the selection of the most suitable tool for use in a specific study.
527 citations
References
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TL;DR: An alternative approach, based on graphical techniques and simple calculations, is described, together with the relation between this analysis and the assessment of repeatability.
43,884 citations
TL;DR: It is estimated that affecting energy balance by 100 kilocalories per day (by a combination of reductions in energy intake and increases in physical activity) could prevent weight gain in most of the population.
Abstract: The obesity epidemic shows no signs of abating. There is an urgent need to push back against the environmental forces that are producing gradual weight gain in the population. Using data from national surveys, we estimate that affecting energy balance by 100 kilocalories per day (by a combination of reductions in energy intake and increases in physical activity) could prevent weight gain in most of the population. This can be achieved by small changes in behavior, such as 15 minutes per day of walking or eating a few less bites at each meal. Having a specific behavioral target for the prevention of weight gain may be key to arresting the obesity epidemic.
2,247 citations
TL;DR: Ex-varsity athletes retained lower risk only if they maintained a high physical activity index as alumni, and peak exertion as strenuous sports play enhanced the effect of total energy expenditure.
Abstract: Risk of first heart attack was found to be related inversely to energy expenditure reported by 16,936 Harvard male alumni, aged 35-74 years, of whom 572 experienced heart attacks in 117,680 person-years of followup. Stairs climbed, blocks walked, strenuous sports played, and a composite physical activity index all opposed risk. Men with index below 2000 kilocalories per week were at 64% higher risk than classmates with higher index. Adult exercise was independent of other influences on heart attack risk, and peak exertion as strenuous sports play enhanced the effect of total energy expenditure. Notably, alumni physical activity supplanted student athleticism assessed in college 16-50 years earlier. If it is postulated that varsity athlete status implies selective cardiovascular fitness, such selection alone is insufficient to explain lower heart attack risk in later adult years. Ex-varsity athletes retained lower risk only if they maintained a high physical activity index as alumni.
1,994 citations
TL;DR: This article evaluates popular recommendations for steps/day and attempts to translate existing physical activity guidelines into steps/ day equivalents and proposes the following preliminary indices be used to classify pedometer-determined physical activity in healthy adults.
Abstract: readily being used by researchers and practitioners to assess and motivate physical activity behaviours. Pedometer-determined physical activity indices are needed to guide their efforts. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to review the rationale and evidence for general pedometer-based indices for research and practice purposes. Specifically, we evaluate popular recommendations for steps/day and attempt to translate existing physical activity guidelines into steps/day equivalents. Also, we appraise the fragmented evidence currently available from associations derived from cross-sectional studies and a limited number of interventions that have documented improvements (primarily in body composition and/or blood pressure) with increased steps/day. A value of 10 000 steps/day is gaining popularity with the media and in practice and can be traced to Japanese walking clubs and a business slogan 30+ years ago. 10 000 steps/day appears to be a reasonable estimate of daily activity for apparently healthy adults and studies are emerging documenting the health benefits of attaining similar levels. Preliminary evidence suggests that a goal of 10 000 steps/day may not be sustainable for some groups, including older adults and those living with chronic diseases. Another concern about using 10 000 steps/ day as a universal step goal is that it is probably too low for children, an important target population in the war against obesity. Other approaches to pedometer-determined physical activity recommendations that are showing promise of health benefit and individual sustainability have been based on incremental improvements relative to baseline values. Based on currently available evidence, we propose the following preliminary indices be used to classify pedometer-determined physical activity in healthy adults: (i) 12 500 steps/day are likely to be classified as ‘highly active’.
1,909 citations
Book•
01 Aug 1990
TL;DR: Part I: Overview of the Research Process Chapter 1: Introduction to Research in Physical Activity Chapter 2: Developing the problem and Using the Literature Chapter 3: Presenting the Problem and Formulating the Method.
Abstract: Part I: Overview of the Research Process Chapter 1. Introduction to Research in Physical Activity Chapter 2. Developing the Problem and Using the Literature Chapter 3. Presenting the Problem Chapter 4. Formulating the Method Chapter 5. Ethical Issues in Research and Scholarship Part II: Statistical and Measurement Concepts in Research Chapter 6. Becoming Acquainted With Statistical Concepts Chapter 7. Statistical Issues in Research Planning and Evaluation Chapter 8. Relationships Among Variables Chapter 9. Differences Among Groups Chapter 10. Nonparametric Techniques Chapter 11. Measuring Research Variables Part III: Types of Research Chapter 12. Historical Research in Physical Activity Chapter 13. Philosophic Research in Physical Activity Chapter 14. Research Synthesis (Meta-Analysis) Chapter 15. The Survey Chapter 16. Other Descriptive Research Methods Chapter 17. Physical Activity Epidemiology Research Chapter 18. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research Chapter 19. Qualitative Research Part IV: Writing the Research Report Chapter 20. Completing the Research Process Chapter 21. Ways of Reporting Research
1,744 citations