Perceived Changes in Self-Image and Coping Strategies of Mothers of Children with Disabilities:
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reported changes in the perceived self-images and coping strategies of mothers of children with special needs after they participated in a short-term occupational therapy intervention (Project Bien Estar).
Abstract: Changes in the perceived self-images and coping strategies of mothers of children with special needs after they participated in a short-term occupational therapy intervention (Project Bien Estar) a...
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TL;DR: The type of occupations a mother participates in varies significantly dependent upon whether a child in the family has a disability and the age of the child, particularly in light of the time demands of the mother.
Abstract: Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the time use of mothers of children with disabilities with the time use of mothers of children without disabilities. Method Sixty mothers with children 3 to 14 years of age (30 mothers with children with disabilities and 30 mothers with children without disabilities) completed time diaries over seven 24-hour days. Results Significant differences were found between the two groups when comparing mean hours spent per week by mothers in occupations involving child-care activities and recreational activities. Mothers of children with disabilities spent significantly more time in child-care activities and significantly less time in recreational activities. In addition, mothers of children with disabilities reported fewer typical days and rated the quality of days as poorer. As children got older, the gap between the time mothers devoted to child care increased between the two groups. Conclusion The type of occupations a mother participates in varies significantly dependent upon whether a child in the family has a disability and the age of the child. Professionals need to work collaboratively with families to assist parents to meet the family's daily needs particularly in light of the time demands of the mother.
118 citations
Cites background from "Perceived Changes in Self-Image and..."
...200 March/April 2006, Volume 60, Number 2 of typically developing children. This is certainly a significant amount of time across a month, a year, or a lifetime fulfilling a mothering role. This may also limit the types and amounts of other occupations a woman may want to pursue. Mothers of children with disabilities spent anywhere from 7.4 to 76.6 hours per week on child-care activities. The standard deviation of child care for mothers of children with disabilities was more than double that of the control group. This wide variance may have contributed to the fact that the amount of time spent in child care reflects not only having a child with a disability, but also the child’s functional limitations. Curran and colleagues (2001) found that higher frequencies of child-care activities corresponded with the severity of children’s disabilities....
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...Mothers of children with disabilities were recruited from the greater metropolitan area of a city in the southwestern United States to participate in an intervention study (Helitzer et al., 2002; McGuire et al., 2004; VanLeit & Crowe, 2000, 2002)....
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TL;DR: The results provide a guide for healthcare professionals in designing effective interventions and preventive care to reduce the level of strain in mothers with intellectually disabled children and improve the quality of life of the mother and her family.
Abstract: Aims and objectives. To explore caregiver’s strain, the relationship between social support and caregiver’s strain and the predictors of caregiver’s strain among mothers with school-aged intellectually disabled children in Taiwan.
Background. Strain is a common condition among mothers who take care of intellectually disabled children; this correspondingly reduces their ability to care for children, thereby affecting the functioning of the entire family. Yet, there have been very few studies on caregivers of intellectually disabled children of school age.
Design. Cross-section correlational design.
Methods. Data collection consisted of face-to-face interviews combined with a structured questionnaire. Instruments employed were the Caregiver Strain Index, Social Support Scale and three open-ended questions. In total, 127 mothers completed the questionnaire.
Results. Results showed that mothers with intellectually disabled children had a rather high level of strain and received inadequate social support. Social support and strain had a significant and negative correlation. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that mothers’ health status, social support and amount of time spent as a caregiver, as well as the intellectually disabled children’s dependent degree of daily living activity, were major predictors of caregiver’s strain, which accounted for 38·4% of the total variance.
Conclusions. The results provide a guide for healthcare professionals in designing effective interventions and preventive care to reduce the level of strain in mothers with intellectually disabled children. This, in turn, could improve the quality of life of the mother and her family.
Relevance to clinical practice. In Taiwan, care of intellectually disabled children is primarily provided by family members. Therefore, we should emphasise family-centred care to enable healthcare professionals to become more effective as case managers in local clinics, schools and communities.
72 citations
Cites background from "Perceived Changes in Self-Image and..."
...…for parents who have children with an intellectual disability or developmental problems, mothers have lower levels of marital satisfaction, self-esteem, self-control and life goals, and more symptoms of stress and need for social support than fathers (Shek & Tsang 1993, Helitzer et al. 2002)....
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TL;DR: The results of this cross-sectional study reveal that a high percentage of mothers had depressive symptoms, and multiple regression analysis demonstrates that by order of importance, the factors that determine maternal depression are family strain, parental stress, and family income.
Abstract: In many Middle Eastern countries, including Lebanon, there is a stigma attached to families who have an intellectually impaired child. These families complain of isolation and lack of community resources that could help them cope with their circumstances to optimize the child’s abilities. Health professionals and researchers should be cognizant of factors related to the process of stress adaptation to help families cope with their circumstances. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify factors that play a role in mothers’ adaptation to the care of their intellectually impaired children. The results, based on a sample of 127 mothers from Lebanon, reveal that a high percentage of mothers had depressive symptoms. Multiple regression analysis demonstrates that by order of importance, the factors that determine maternal depression are family strain, parental stress, and family income. The conclusions about nursing implications from a cultural perspective are discussed and recommendations proposed.
65 citations
TL;DR: Although the parents expressed stress related to coping with the caregiving load, they viewed having a child with chronic medical conditions as a positive experience that brought cohesion to their family.
Abstract: Purpose Parents of children with chronic medical conditions and associated disabilities have substantial caregiving responsibilities different from those of typical children. This ethnographic study examined how parents manage these caregiving demands, how they maintain their social lives, and how they form their self identities. Method Graduate students interviewed eight parents of children with chronic medical conditions and disabilities and participated in 60 hours of activities with them over a 6-month time period. The interview transcripts, students' field notes, and journals were analyzed for themes that related to caregiving, social activities, and self-identity. Results Parents felt that they "always needed to be with their child," and most had changed their career plans to devote more time to caregiving. Parents also expressed anxiety about making difficult medical and educational decisions for their children. Activities outside the home required extensive planning and preparation and maintaining a social life was perceived as challenging because friends and relatives did not always understand the families' limitations in activity. Conclusions Although the parents expressed stress related to coping with the caregiving load, they viewed having a child with chronic medical conditions as a positive experience that brought cohesion to their family. The parents explained that their experiences with their children helped them to appreciate life and develop more sensitivity to and tolerance of individual differences. The parents had become strong advocates for their children and other children with similar needs.
64 citations
Cites background from "Perceived Changes in Self-Image and..."
...Because more time is spent in daily care activities, less time is available for other activities, such as recreation and socialization (Helitzer et al., 2002; Turnbull & Turnbull)....
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...As in previous research (Barnett & Boyce, 1995; Crow, VanLeit, Berghmans, & Mann, 1997; Dunlap & Hollinsworth, 1997; Helitzer et al., 2002), these eight families had shifted their family occupations, devoting more time and energy to caregiving and less to socialization and work....
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...Helitzer et al. (2002) suggested that mothers of children with disabilities assume roles that bridge the world of medical and educational professional with everyday home life....
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...tions made by families are that the mother arranges for flexibility in work or works at home, the family’s home is altered to improve safety or accessibility, and the caregiving responsibilities of both parents increase (Gallimore et al., 1996; Helitzer et al., 2002)....
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...Examples of accommodations made by families are that the mother arranges for flexibility in work or works at home, the family’s home is altered to improve safety or accessibility, and the caregiving responsibilities of both parents increase (Gallimore et al., 1996; Helitzer et al., 2002)....
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TL;DR: Based on this study, mothers of children with ADHD felt distress because their child did not easily conform to social standards, and were likely to express exhaustion in their role as "mother."
Abstract: When a mother has a child with a chronic impairment, the occupational demands of mothering extend to address the specialized needs of that child. This research explores how the type of hidden impairment in a child influences family routines and occupations. This qualitative study consisted of interviews with 22 mothers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a behavioral disorder, and 22 mothers of children with cystic fibrosis, a physical disorder. Open-ended questions were used to explore family demands, resources, time use, routines, concerns, and support. The transcripts of these interviews were analyzed in terms of consistency with existing literature on parenting the child with hidden disability, and for emergent themes. In this analysis the experiences of mothers of children with cystic fibrosis were consistent with research findings on other chronic conditions, with these mothers reporting that family provides them with extensive physical and emotional support. Although mothers of children with cystic fibrosis reported a persistent emotional sorrow, they felt they were able to "normalize" their daily routines. In contrast, mothers of children with ADHD reported little family support, high perception of child-related demands, and less confidence in their success in mothering these children. In describing their daily routines, these mothers often stated that there was no such thing as a "normal" day. They felt constantly "on alert" and did not feel that they had "normal" routines. Based on this study, mothers of children with ADHD felt distress because their child did not easily conform to social standards, and were likely to express exhaustion in their role as "mother." The pattern of responses offered by these participants differs significantly from that of the participants whose children have cystic fibrosis, and from the usual pattern of coping with chronic childhood disability documented in the literature.
62 citations
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Book•
12 Oct 2017
TL;DR: The Discovery of Grounded Theory as mentioned in this paper is a book about the discovery of grounded theories from data, both substantive and formal, which is a major task confronting sociologists and is understandable to both experts and laymen.
Abstract: Most writing on sociological method has been concerned with how accurate facts can be obtained and how theory can thereby be more rigorously tested. In The Discovery of Grounded Theory, Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss address the equally Important enterprise of how the discovery of theory from data--systematically obtained and analyzed in social research--can be furthered. The discovery of theory from data--grounded theory--is a major task confronting sociology, for such a theory fits empirical situations, and is understandable to sociologists and laymen alike. Most important, it provides relevant predictions, explanations, interpretations, and applications. In Part I of the book, "Generation Theory by Comparative Analysis," the authors present a strategy whereby sociologists can facilitate the discovery of grounded theory, both substantive and formal. This strategy involves the systematic choice and study of several comparison groups. In Part II, The Flexible Use of Data," the generation of theory from qualitative, especially documentary, and quantitative data Is considered. In Part III, "Implications of Grounded Theory," Glaser and Strauss examine the credibility of grounded theory. The Discovery of Grounded Theory is directed toward improving social scientists' capacity for generating theory that will be relevant to their research. While aimed primarily at sociologists, it will be useful to anyone Interested In studying social phenomena--political, educational, economic, industrial-- especially If their studies are based on qualitative data.
53,267 citations
Book•
12 Jan 1994
TL;DR: This book presents a step-by-step guide to making the research results presented in reports, slideshows, posters, and data visualizations more interesting, and describes how coding initiates qualitative data analysis.
Abstract: Matthew B. Miles, Qualitative Data Analysis A Methods Sourcebook, Third Edition. The Third Edition of Miles & Huberman's classic research methods text is updated and streamlined by Johnny Saldana, author of The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. Several of the data display strategies from previous editions are now presented in re-envisioned and reorganized formats to enhance reader accessibility and comprehension. The Third Edition's presentation of the fundamentals of research design and data management is followed by five distinct methods of analysis: exploring, describing, ordering, explaining, and predicting. Miles and Huberman's original research studies are profiled and accompanied with new examples from Saldana's recent qualitative work. The book's most celebrated chapter, "Drawing and Verifying Conclusions," is retained and revised, and the chapter on report writing has been greatly expanded, and is now called "Writing About Qualitative Research." Comprehensive and authoritative, Qualitative Data Analysis has been elegantly revised for a new generation of qualitative researchers. Johnny Saldana, The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers, Second Edition. The Second Edition of Johnny Saldana's international bestseller provides an in-depth guide to the multiple approaches available for coding qualitative data. Fully up-to-date, it includes new chapters, more coding techniques and an additional glossary. Clear, practical and authoritative, the book: describes how coding initiates qualitative data analysis; demonstrates the writing of analytic memos; discusses available analytic software; suggests how best to use the book for particular studies. In total, 32 coding methods are profiled that can be applied to a range of research genres from grounded theory to phenomenology to narrative inquiry. For each approach, Saldana discusses the method's origins, a description of the method, practical applications, and a clearly illustrated example with analytic follow-up. A unique and invaluable reference for students, teachers, and practitioners of qualitative inquiry, this book is essential reading across the social sciences. Stephanie D. H. Evergreen, Presenting Data Effectively Communicating Your Findings for Maximum Impact. This is a step-by-step guide to making the research results presented in reports, slideshows, posters, and data visualizations more interesting. Written in an easy, accessible manner, Presenting Data Effectively provides guiding principles for designing data presentations so that they are more likely to be heard, remembered, and used. The guidance in the book stems from the author's extensive study of research reporting, a solid review of the literature in graphic design and related fields, and the input of a panel of graphic design experts. Those concepts are then translated into language relevant to students, researchers, evaluators, and non-profit workers - anyone in a position to have to report on data to an outside audience. The book guides the reader through design choices related to four primary areas: graphics, type, color, and arrangement. As a result, readers can present data more effectively, with the clarity and professionalism that best represents their work.
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355 citations
"Perceived Changes in Self-Image and..." refers background in this paper
...Others have focused on describing broad coping patterns (McCubbin et al., 1983), or identifying coping strategies employed by parents (Gallagher & Bristol, 1989)....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: Family ecology theories mislead if they omit a social constructivist perspective because parents construct an everyday routine to accommodate values and goals and resources and constraints of their proximal and distal ecology.
Abstract: Family ecology theories mislead if they omit a social constructivist perspective Parents construct an everyday routine to accommodate values and goals and resources and constraints of their proximal and distal ecology Ecocultural theory suggests that (a) the most powerful ecocultural features affect everyday routines, (b) whether ecocultural features are positive or negative is influenced by family-constructed themes, (c) "sustainability" of everyday activities is a better predictor of child and family outcome than is measured "stimulation level," and (d) comparative studies should include families engaged in different kinds of social construction processes, not only samples matched on child age or developmental level
253 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Results showed a high level of stability in parental stress and a modest degree of consistency over time in family functioning in families of children with disabilities and stability in the best predictors of parental stress.
Abstract: Parental stress and family functioning over time in families of children with disabilities was investigated. Comparisons were made between two time periods and with families of children who did not have disabilities; predictors of parental stress were identified. Results showed a high level of stability in parental stress and a modest degree of consistency over time in family functioning in families of children with disabilities. In these aspects, families of children with disabilities were not different from comparison families. There was also stability in the best predictors of parental stress (presence or absence of disabilities and the quality of family relationship). Of significant concern, families of children with disabilities were distinguished by the exceedingly greater amount of stress at both periods of study. Implications for family services and research were drawn.
234 citations
"Perceived Changes in Self-Image and..." refers background in this paper
...Families of children with disabilities may experience more stress and less psychological well-being than families with typically developing children (Chetwynd, 1985; Dyson, 1993)....
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