Perceived parenting and risk for major depression in Chinese women
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics1, Fudan University2, Shanghai Jiao Tong University3, Tongji University4, Jiangsu University5, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University6, Zhengzhou University7, Harbin Medical University8, Sichuan University9, Capital Medical University10, China Medical University (PRC)11, Sun Yat-sen University12, Shanxi Medical University13, Jinan University14, Hebei Medical University15, Lanzhou University16, Fourth Military Medical University17, Virginia Commonwealth University18
TL;DR: The results suggest that cultural factors impact on patterns of parenting and their association with MD, and high parental protectiveness is generally pathogenic in Western countries but protective in China, especially when received from the father.
Abstract: Background. In Western countries, a history of major depression (MD) is associated with reports of received parenting that is low in warmth and caring and high in control and authoritarianism. Does a similar pattern exist in women in China? Method. Received parenting was assessed by a shortened version of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) in two groups of Han Chinese women: 1970 clinically ascertained cases with recurrent MD and 2597 matched controls. MD was assessed at personal interview. Results. Factor analysis of the PBI revealed three factors for both mothers and fathers : warmth, protectiveness, and authoritarianism. Lower warmth and protectiveness and higher authoritarianism from both mother and father were significantly associated with risk for recurrent MD. Parental warmth was positively correlated with parental protectiveness and negatively correlated with parental authoritarianism. When examined together, paternal warmth was more strongly associated with lowered risk for MD than maternal warmth. Furthermore, paternal protectiveness was negatively and maternal protectiveness positively associated with risk for MD. Conclusions. Although the structure of received parenting is very similar in China and Western countries, the association with MD is not. High parental protectiveness is generally pathogenic in Western countries but protective in China, especially when received from the father. Our results suggest that cultural factors impact on patterns of parenting and their association with MD.
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TL;DR: Based on the largest sample of patients with factitious disorder analyzed to date, the findings offer an important first step toward an evidence-based approach to the disorder.
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Cites background from "Perceived parenting and risk for ma..."
...…for the two disorders, which include childhood abuse or neglect (Norman et al., 2012; Chen et al., 2010), parental failures (Otowa et al., 2013; Gao et al., 2012; Sakado et al., 2000; Kendler et al., 2000), marital difficulties (Whisman et al., 2000), substance abuse (Bovasso et al., 2014;…...
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TL;DR: A heterogeneous course and background of maternal depressive symptoms is suggested, which should be considered in intervention planning.
54 citations
TL;DR: Vasopressin has a role in enhancing empathy among individuals who received higher levels of paternal warmth and no main or interaction effects were found forindividuals who received oxytocin.
49 citations
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics1, Virginia Commonwealth University2, Shanghai Mental Health Center3, XinHua Hospital4, Shanxi Medical University5, China Medical University (PRC)6, Capital Medical University7, Sun Yat-sen University8, Jiangsu University9, Harbin Medical University10, Chongqing Medical University11, Sichuan University12, Lanzhou University13, Shantou University14, Tongji University15, Jinan University16, Tianjin First Center Hospital17
TL;DR: Prior cross-cultural studies, factor analyses of MD in Western populations and empirical findings in this sample showing risk factor profiles similar to those seen inWestern populations suggest that the results are likely to be broadly representative of the human depressive syndrome.
Abstract: Background The symptoms of major depression (MD) are clinically diverse. Do they form coherent factors that might clarify the underlying nature of this important psychiatric syndrome? Method Symptoms at lifetime worst depressive episode were assessed at structured psychiatric interview in 6008 women of Han Chinese descent, age ⩾30 years with recurrent DSM-IV MD. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatoryfactor analysis (CFA) were performed in Mplus in random split-half samples. Results The preliminary EFA results were consistently supported by the findings from CFA. Analyses of the nine DSM-IV MD symptomatic A criteria revealed two factors loading on: (i) general depressive symptoms; and (ii) guilt/suicidal ideation. Examining 14 disaggregated DSM-IV criteria revealed three factors reflecting: (i) weight/appetite disturbance; (ii) general depressive symptoms; and (iii) sleep disturbance. Using all symptoms (n = 27), we identified five factors that reflected: (i) weight/appetite symptoms; (ii) general retarded depressive symptoms; (iii) atypical vegetative symptoms; (iv) suicidality/hopelessness; and (v) symptoms of agitation and anxiety. Conclusions MD is a clinically complex syndrome with several underlying correlated symptom dimensions. In addition to a general depressive symptom factor, a complete picture must include factors reflecting typical/atypical vegetative symptoms, cognitive symptoms (hopelessness/suicidal ideation), and an agitated symptom factor characterized by anxiety, guilt, helplessness and irritability. Prior cross-cultural studies, factor analyses of MD in Western populations and empirical findings in this sample showing risk factor profiles similar to those seen in Western populations suggest that our results are likely to be broadly representative of the human depressive syndrome.
47 citations
Fudan University1, Shanghai Mental Health Center2, China Medical University (PRC)3, Zhengzhou University4, XinHua Hospital5, Shanxi Medical University6, Capital Medical University7, Sun Yat-sen University8, Jiangsu University9, Harbin Medical University10, Hebei Medical University11, Chongqing Medical University12, Sichuan University13, Lanzhou University14, Shantou University15, Tongji University16, Jinan University17, Wuhan University18, Tianjin First Center Hospital19, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics20, Clinical Trial Service Unit21, Virginia Commonwealth University22
TL;DR: CSA is strongly associated with recurrent MD and this association increases with greater severity of CSA, and among the depressed women, those with CSA had an earlier age of onset, longer depressive episodes.
Abstract: Background
Our prior study in Han Chinese women has shown that women with a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) are at increased risk for developing major depression (MD). Would this relationship be found in our whole data set?
Method
Three levels of CSA (non-genital, genital, and intercourse) were assessed by self-report in two groups of Han Chinese women: 6017 clinically ascertained with recurrent MD and 5983 matched controls. Diagnostic and other risk factor information was assessed at personal interview. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by logistic regression.
Results
We confirmed earlier results by replicating prior analyses in 3,950 new recurrent MD cases. There were no significant differences between the two data sets. Any form of CSA was significantly associated with recurrent MD (OR 4.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) [3.19–5.24]). This association strengthened with increasing CSA severity: non-genital (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.58–3.15), genital (OR 5.24, 95% CI 3.52–8.15) and intercourse (OR 10.65, 95% CI 5.56–23.71). Among the depressed women, those with CSA had an earlier age of onset, longer depressive episodes. Recurrent MD patients those with CSA had an increased risk for dysthymia (OR 1.60, 95%CI 1.11–2.27) and phobia (OR 1.41, 95%CI 1.09–1.80). Any form of CSA was significantly associated with suicidal ideation or attempt (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.20–1.89) and feelings of worthlessness or guilt (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.02–2.02). Intercourse (OR 3.47, 95%CI 1.66–8.22), use of force and threats (OR 1.95, 95%CI 1.05–3.82) and how strongly the victims were affected at the time (OR 1.39, 95%CI 1.20–1.64) were significantly associated with recurrent MD.
Conclusions
In Chinese women CSA is strongly associated with recurrent MD and this association increases with greater severity of CSA. Depressed women with CSA have some specific clinical traits. Some features of CSA were associated with greater likelihood of developing recurrent MD.
41 citations
Cites background from "Perceived parenting and risk for ma..."
...These, and related features are described in detail in other publications [31,32,33,34]....
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References
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TL;DR: This paper examined the relation between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles and social and school adjustment in Chinese children, using a sample of second grade children from a Chinese public school in the US and Hong Kong.
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to examine the relations between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles and social and school adjustment in Chinese children. A sample of second grade childre...
467 citations
"Perceived parenting and risk for ma..." refers result in this paper
...…the effect of parenting on children’s academic, social and psychological adjustment have found patterns similar to those obtained in theWest (Chen et al. 1997, 2000 ; Lai &McBride-Chang, 2001), but some have argued that Western categorizations of parenting styles do not capture the full…...
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: This paper reviews initial and more recently published studies assessing the psychometric properties of the PBI, and which suggest satisfactory reliability and validity.
Abstract: The Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) was designed as a refined self-report measure of fundamental parental dimensions of care and protection. The utility of such a self-report measure is dependent on demonstration of robust psychometric characteristics, particularly the extent to which the PBI provides valid ratings of actual and not merely perceived characteristics. This paper reviews initial and more recently published studies assessing the psychometric properties of the PBI, and which suggest satisfactory reliability and validity.
405 citations
"Perceived parenting and risk for ma..." refers background in this paper
...Although skepticism about retrospective reporting of parenting is certainly appropriate, we suggest that the reports on parenting analyzed here probably have sufficient reliability and validity to be seriously considered as a reflection of true parenting and a true causal influence on risk for MD (McCrae & Costa, 1988 ; Parker, 1989)....
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...…reporting of parenting is certainly appropriate, we suggest that the reports on parenting analyzed here probably have sufficient reliability and validity to be seriously considered as a reflection of true parenting and a true causal influence on risk for MD (McCrae & Costa, 1988 ; Parker, 1989)....
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...Reports of retrospective parenting are generally stable over time (Parker, 1989 ; Wilhelm et al. 2005)....
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399 citations
TL;DR: This article extended the work of Chao (1994) by examining parenting constructs emphasised in the Chinese culture in conjunction with parenting constructs derived and emphasised by the parent This article, and examined the relationship between the two.
Abstract: This investigation was designed to extend the work of Chao (1994) by examining parenting constructs emphasised in the Chinese culture in conjunction with parenting constructs derived and emphasised...
384 citations
"Perceived parenting and risk for ma..." refers background or result in this paper
...1997, 2000 ; Lai &McBride-Chang, 2001), but some have argued that Western categorizations of parenting styles do not capture the full range of parenting variation found in mainland China (Chao, 1994, 2000 ; Stewart et al. 1998 ; Wu et al. 2002)....
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...…similar to those obtained in theWest (Chen et al. 1997, 2000 ; Lai &McBride-Chang, 2001), but some have argued that Western categorizations of parenting styles do not capture the full range of parenting variation found in mainland China (Chao, 1994, 2000 ; Stewart et al. 1998 ; Wu et al. 2002)....
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TL;DR: Confidence in the Parental Bonding Instrument is increased as a valid measure of perceived parenting over extended time periods because the influences of mood state and life experience appear to have little effect on the stability of the perception of parenting as measured by the PBI.
Abstract: Background. The Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) measures the perception of being parented to the age of 16 years. Low scores on the care dimension and high scores on the overprotection dimension are considered to be risk factors of depression. While the PBI has been shown to be a reliable and valid instrument, the stability of the PBI over extended periods (taking into account individual characteristics and life experience) needs to be demonstrated. Method. The PBI was measured in a non-clinical cohort on four waves between 1978 and 1998, along with a series of self-report measures including state depression and neuroticism. Differences in PBI change over time were examined by gender, lifetime major depression diagnosis, and life event variables, as well as by scores on neuroticism and state depression. Results. Acceptable retest coefficients on PBI scores over the 20-year study were found for the cohort. No differences were found in PBI scores over time on the variables examined, including sex and depression measures. Conclusions. The results indicate long-term stability of the PBI over time. The influences of mood state and life experience appear to have little effect on the stability of the perception of parenting as measured by the PBI. The present study increases confidence in the PBI as a valid measure of perceived parenting over extended time periods.
347 citations
"Perceived parenting and risk for ma..." refers background in this paper
...Reports of retrospective parenting are generally stable over time (Parker, 1989 ; Wilhelm et al. 2005)....
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