Perceived parenting and risk for major depression in Chinese women
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics1, Fudan University2, Shanghai Jiao Tong University3, Tongji University4, Jiangsu University5, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University6, Zhengzhou University7, Harbin Medical University8, Sichuan University9, Capital Medical University10, China Medical University (PRC)11, Sun Yat-sen University12, Shanxi Medical University13, Jinan University14, Hebei Medical University15, Lanzhou University16, Fourth Military Medical University17, Virginia Commonwealth University18
TL;DR: The results suggest that cultural factors impact on patterns of parenting and their association with MD, and high parental protectiveness is generally pathogenic in Western countries but protective in China, especially when received from the father.
Abstract: Background. In Western countries, a history of major depression (MD) is associated with reports of received parenting that is low in warmth and caring and high in control and authoritarianism. Does a similar pattern exist in women in China? Method. Received parenting was assessed by a shortened version of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) in two groups of Han Chinese women: 1970 clinically ascertained cases with recurrent MD and 2597 matched controls. MD was assessed at personal interview. Results. Factor analysis of the PBI revealed three factors for both mothers and fathers : warmth, protectiveness, and authoritarianism. Lower warmth and protectiveness and higher authoritarianism from both mother and father were significantly associated with risk for recurrent MD. Parental warmth was positively correlated with parental protectiveness and negatively correlated with parental authoritarianism. When examined together, paternal warmth was more strongly associated with lowered risk for MD than maternal warmth. Furthermore, paternal protectiveness was negatively and maternal protectiveness positively associated with risk for MD. Conclusions. Although the structure of received parenting is very similar in China and Western countries, the association with MD is not. High parental protectiveness is generally pathogenic in Western countries but protective in China, especially when received from the father. Our results suggest that cultural factors impact on patterns of parenting and their association with MD.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: Based on the largest sample of patients with factitious disorder analyzed to date, the findings offer an important first step toward an evidence-based approach to the disorder.
88 citations
Cites background from "Perceived parenting and risk for ma..."
...…for the two disorders, which include childhood abuse or neglect (Norman et al., 2012; Chen et al., 2010), parental failures (Otowa et al., 2013; Gao et al., 2012; Sakado et al., 2000; Kendler et al., 2000), marital difficulties (Whisman et al., 2000), substance abuse (Bovasso et al., 2014;…...
[...]
TL;DR: A heterogeneous course and background of maternal depressive symptoms is suggested, which should be considered in intervention planning.
54 citations
TL;DR: Vasopressin has a role in enhancing empathy among individuals who received higher levels of paternal warmth and no main or interaction effects were found forindividuals who received oxytocin.
49 citations
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics1, Virginia Commonwealth University2, Shanghai Mental Health Center3, XinHua Hospital4, Shanxi Medical University5, China Medical University (PRC)6, Capital Medical University7, Sun Yat-sen University8, Jiangsu University9, Harbin Medical University10, Chongqing Medical University11, Sichuan University12, Lanzhou University13, Shantou University14, Tongji University15, Jinan University16, Tianjin First Center Hospital17
TL;DR: Prior cross-cultural studies, factor analyses of MD in Western populations and empirical findings in this sample showing risk factor profiles similar to those seen inWestern populations suggest that the results are likely to be broadly representative of the human depressive syndrome.
Abstract: Background The symptoms of major depression (MD) are clinically diverse. Do they form coherent factors that might clarify the underlying nature of this important psychiatric syndrome? Method Symptoms at lifetime worst depressive episode were assessed at structured psychiatric interview in 6008 women of Han Chinese descent, age ⩾30 years with recurrent DSM-IV MD. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatoryfactor analysis (CFA) were performed in Mplus in random split-half samples. Results The preliminary EFA results were consistently supported by the findings from CFA. Analyses of the nine DSM-IV MD symptomatic A criteria revealed two factors loading on: (i) general depressive symptoms; and (ii) guilt/suicidal ideation. Examining 14 disaggregated DSM-IV criteria revealed three factors reflecting: (i) weight/appetite disturbance; (ii) general depressive symptoms; and (iii) sleep disturbance. Using all symptoms (n = 27), we identified five factors that reflected: (i) weight/appetite symptoms; (ii) general retarded depressive symptoms; (iii) atypical vegetative symptoms; (iv) suicidality/hopelessness; and (v) symptoms of agitation and anxiety. Conclusions MD is a clinically complex syndrome with several underlying correlated symptom dimensions. In addition to a general depressive symptom factor, a complete picture must include factors reflecting typical/atypical vegetative symptoms, cognitive symptoms (hopelessness/suicidal ideation), and an agitated symptom factor characterized by anxiety, guilt, helplessness and irritability. Prior cross-cultural studies, factor analyses of MD in Western populations and empirical findings in this sample showing risk factor profiles similar to those seen in Western populations suggest that our results are likely to be broadly representative of the human depressive syndrome.
47 citations
Fudan University1, Shanghai Mental Health Center2, China Medical University (PRC)3, Zhengzhou University4, XinHua Hospital5, Shanxi Medical University6, Capital Medical University7, Sun Yat-sen University8, Jiangsu University9, Harbin Medical University10, Hebei Medical University11, Chongqing Medical University12, Sichuan University13, Lanzhou University14, Shantou University15, Tongji University16, Jinan University17, Wuhan University18, Tianjin First Center Hospital19, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics20, Clinical Trial Service Unit21, Virginia Commonwealth University22
TL;DR: CSA is strongly associated with recurrent MD and this association increases with greater severity of CSA, and among the depressed women, those with CSA had an earlier age of onset, longer depressive episodes.
Abstract: Background
Our prior study in Han Chinese women has shown that women with a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) are at increased risk for developing major depression (MD). Would this relationship be found in our whole data set?
Method
Three levels of CSA (non-genital, genital, and intercourse) were assessed by self-report in two groups of Han Chinese women: 6017 clinically ascertained with recurrent MD and 5983 matched controls. Diagnostic and other risk factor information was assessed at personal interview. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by logistic regression.
Results
We confirmed earlier results by replicating prior analyses in 3,950 new recurrent MD cases. There were no significant differences between the two data sets. Any form of CSA was significantly associated with recurrent MD (OR 4.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) [3.19–5.24]). This association strengthened with increasing CSA severity: non-genital (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.58–3.15), genital (OR 5.24, 95% CI 3.52–8.15) and intercourse (OR 10.65, 95% CI 5.56–23.71). Among the depressed women, those with CSA had an earlier age of onset, longer depressive episodes. Recurrent MD patients those with CSA had an increased risk for dysthymia (OR 1.60, 95%CI 1.11–2.27) and phobia (OR 1.41, 95%CI 1.09–1.80). Any form of CSA was significantly associated with suicidal ideation or attempt (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.20–1.89) and feelings of worthlessness or guilt (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.02–2.02). Intercourse (OR 3.47, 95%CI 1.66–8.22), use of force and threats (OR 1.95, 95%CI 1.05–3.82) and how strongly the victims were affected at the time (OR 1.39, 95%CI 1.20–1.64) were significantly associated with recurrent MD.
Conclusions
In Chinese women CSA is strongly associated with recurrent MD and this association increases with greater severity of CSA. Depressed women with CSA have some specific clinical traits. Some features of CSA were associated with greater likelihood of developing recurrent MD.
41 citations
Cites background from "Perceived parenting and risk for ma..."
...These, and related features are described in detail in other publications [31,32,33,34]....
[...]
References
More filters
TL;DR: Depression scores in subjects were strongly linked with lower maternal care and with maternal overprotection, whether the maternal characteristics were judged by the subjects or by the mothers themselves, and the validity of the PBI as a measure of actual parental characteristics was supported.
327 citations
"Perceived parenting and risk for ma..." refers background in this paper
...…parenting and MD. Correlations between contemporaneously recorded child-rearing practices and later recall are moderate (McCrae & Costa, 1988 ; Dunn & McGuire, 1994), as are the levels of agreement between relatives in retrospectively reported parenting (Parker, 1981, 1983 ; Schwarz et al. 1985)....
[...]
...Parker (1981) has shown that depressive state does not influence scores on the PBI....
[...]
TL;DR: This article found that Chinese mothers endorsed the training, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles, while also endorsing socialization goals for filial piety and structural parental involvement practices in comparison with European American mothers.
327 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the psychometric and validational properties of questionnaires measuring perceptions of parental rearing styles were investigated, and only studies using satisfactory measures were included in the meta-analysis.
321 citations
TL;DR: The provision of parenting is influenced by attitudes derived from the parent's family of origin as well as by genetically influenced parental temperamental characteristics, which are influenced by temperamental traits of the offspring that are under partial genetic control.
Abstract: Objective : To understand the relation between parenting and later psychopathology, it is important to clarify the role of genetic and environmental factors in both the elicitation and the provision of parenting behavior. Method : A 16-item version of the Parental Bonding Instrument was administered to 1) 606 fathers and 848 mothers of an epidemiologic sample of adult female-female twin pairs, who reported on their parenting of their twins ; 2) the twins (both members of 546 monozygotic and 390 dizygotic pairs), who reported on the parenting they had received from their father and mother ; 3) co-twins from these pairs, who reported on the parenting provided by their father and mother to their twin sister ; and 4) members of the adult twin pairs (145 monozygotic and 117 dizygotic) who both had children, who reported on the parenting they provided to their offspring. The data were subjected to model fitting decomposing three sources of variance : additive genetic factors ; family, or common, environment ; and an individual's unique environment. Results : Responses to the Parental Bonding Instrument produced three factors : parental warmth, protectiveness, and authoritarianism. According to parents, these factors were largely a common environmental experience for their children. Responses from twins, however, indicated that genetic factors played a substantial role in the elicitation of warmth from parents and a more modest role in influencing parental protectiveness and authoritarianism. While reports of twins and co-twins on protectiveness and authoritarianism yielded similar results, analysis of responses from co-twins indicated a degree of importance of genetic factors in eliciting parental warmth which was midway between that from parents' reports and twins' reports. Answers from twins as parents indicated that provision of warmth was substantially heritable, while resemblance between twins in providing protectiveness and authoritarianism was due to family environment. Conclusions: The provision of parenting is influenced by attitudes derived from the parent's family of origin as well as by genetically influenced parental temperamental characteristics. The elicitation of parenting is influenced by temperamental traits of the offspring that are, in turn, under partial genetic control. Genetic factors in both parent and child are more important for warmth than for protectiveness or authoritarianism.
315 citations
"Perceived parenting and risk for ma..." refers methods in this paper
...Parent–child relationships were measured with the 16-item Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) modified by Kendler (1996) based on the original 25-item instrument described by Parker et al. (1979)....
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, three distinct methodologies have been used to investigate potential links between parent-child relations and the etiology of depression, as well as the findings obtained with each, are reviewed and critiqued.
237 citations
"Perceived parenting and risk for ma..." refers background in this paper
...…Y. Li2, Y. Cai3, J. Chen4, Y. Shen5, S. Ni6, Y. Wei7, Y. Qiu8, X. Zhu1, Y. Liu9, C. Lu10, C. Chen11, Q. Niu12, C. Tang13, Y. Yang14, Q. Wang15, W. Cui16, J. Xia17, T. Liu18, J. Zhang19, B. Zhao20, Z. Guo21, J. Pan22, H. Chen23, Y. Luo24, L. Sun25, X. Xiao26, Q. Chen27, X. Zhao28, F. He29, L.…...
[...]
...…a relationship between the quality of parenting received as a child and risk for psychiatric illness in general and for major depression (MD) in particular (Parker, 1979, 1983 ; Burbach & Borduin, 1986 ; Perris et al. 1986, 1994 ; Gerlsma et al. 1990 ; Duggan et al. 1998 ; Kendler et al. 2000)....
[...]