Perceived parenting and risk for major depression in Chinese women
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics1, Fudan University2, Shanghai Jiao Tong University3, Tongji University4, Jiangsu University5, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University6, Zhengzhou University7, Harbin Medical University8, Sichuan University9, Capital Medical University10, China Medical University (PRC)11, Sun Yat-sen University12, Shanxi Medical University13, Jinan University14, Hebei Medical University15, Lanzhou University16, Fourth Military Medical University17, Virginia Commonwealth University18
TL;DR: The results suggest that cultural factors impact on patterns of parenting and their association with MD, and high parental protectiveness is generally pathogenic in Western countries but protective in China, especially when received from the father.
Abstract: Background. In Western countries, a history of major depression (MD) is associated with reports of received parenting that is low in warmth and caring and high in control and authoritarianism. Does a similar pattern exist in women in China? Method. Received parenting was assessed by a shortened version of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) in two groups of Han Chinese women: 1970 clinically ascertained cases with recurrent MD and 2597 matched controls. MD was assessed at personal interview. Results. Factor analysis of the PBI revealed three factors for both mothers and fathers : warmth, protectiveness, and authoritarianism. Lower warmth and protectiveness and higher authoritarianism from both mother and father were significantly associated with risk for recurrent MD. Parental warmth was positively correlated with parental protectiveness and negatively correlated with parental authoritarianism. When examined together, paternal warmth was more strongly associated with lowered risk for MD than maternal warmth. Furthermore, paternal protectiveness was negatively and maternal protectiveness positively associated with risk for MD. Conclusions. Although the structure of received parenting is very similar in China and Western countries, the association with MD is not. High parental protectiveness is generally pathogenic in Western countries but protective in China, especially when received from the father. Our results suggest that cultural factors impact on patterns of parenting and their association with MD.
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TL;DR: Based on the largest sample of patients with factitious disorder analyzed to date, the findings offer an important first step toward an evidence-based approach to the disorder.
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Cites background from "Perceived parenting and risk for ma..."
...…for the two disorders, which include childhood abuse or neglect (Norman et al., 2012; Chen et al., 2010), parental failures (Otowa et al., 2013; Gao et al., 2012; Sakado et al., 2000; Kendler et al., 2000), marital difficulties (Whisman et al., 2000), substance abuse (Bovasso et al., 2014;…...
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TL;DR: A heterogeneous course and background of maternal depressive symptoms is suggested, which should be considered in intervention planning.
54 citations
TL;DR: Vasopressin has a role in enhancing empathy among individuals who received higher levels of paternal warmth and no main or interaction effects were found forindividuals who received oxytocin.
49 citations
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics1, Virginia Commonwealth University2, Shanghai Mental Health Center3, XinHua Hospital4, Shanxi Medical University5, China Medical University (PRC)6, Capital Medical University7, Sun Yat-sen University8, Jiangsu University9, Harbin Medical University10, Chongqing Medical University11, Sichuan University12, Lanzhou University13, Shantou University14, Tongji University15, Jinan University16, Tianjin First Center Hospital17
TL;DR: Prior cross-cultural studies, factor analyses of MD in Western populations and empirical findings in this sample showing risk factor profiles similar to those seen inWestern populations suggest that the results are likely to be broadly representative of the human depressive syndrome.
Abstract: Background The symptoms of major depression (MD) are clinically diverse. Do they form coherent factors that might clarify the underlying nature of this important psychiatric syndrome? Method Symptoms at lifetime worst depressive episode were assessed at structured psychiatric interview in 6008 women of Han Chinese descent, age ⩾30 years with recurrent DSM-IV MD. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatoryfactor analysis (CFA) were performed in Mplus in random split-half samples. Results The preliminary EFA results were consistently supported by the findings from CFA. Analyses of the nine DSM-IV MD symptomatic A criteria revealed two factors loading on: (i) general depressive symptoms; and (ii) guilt/suicidal ideation. Examining 14 disaggregated DSM-IV criteria revealed three factors reflecting: (i) weight/appetite disturbance; (ii) general depressive symptoms; and (iii) sleep disturbance. Using all symptoms (n = 27), we identified five factors that reflected: (i) weight/appetite symptoms; (ii) general retarded depressive symptoms; (iii) atypical vegetative symptoms; (iv) suicidality/hopelessness; and (v) symptoms of agitation and anxiety. Conclusions MD is a clinically complex syndrome with several underlying correlated symptom dimensions. In addition to a general depressive symptom factor, a complete picture must include factors reflecting typical/atypical vegetative symptoms, cognitive symptoms (hopelessness/suicidal ideation), and an agitated symptom factor characterized by anxiety, guilt, helplessness and irritability. Prior cross-cultural studies, factor analyses of MD in Western populations and empirical findings in this sample showing risk factor profiles similar to those seen in Western populations suggest that our results are likely to be broadly representative of the human depressive syndrome.
47 citations
Fudan University1, Shanghai Mental Health Center2, China Medical University (PRC)3, Zhengzhou University4, XinHua Hospital5, Shanxi Medical University6, Capital Medical University7, Sun Yat-sen University8, Jiangsu University9, Harbin Medical University10, Hebei Medical University11, Chongqing Medical University12, Sichuan University13, Lanzhou University14, Shantou University15, Tongji University16, Jinan University17, Wuhan University18, Tianjin First Center Hospital19, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics20, Clinical Trial Service Unit21, Virginia Commonwealth University22
TL;DR: CSA is strongly associated with recurrent MD and this association increases with greater severity of CSA, and among the depressed women, those with CSA had an earlier age of onset, longer depressive episodes.
Abstract: Background
Our prior study in Han Chinese women has shown that women with a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) are at increased risk for developing major depression (MD). Would this relationship be found in our whole data set?
Method
Three levels of CSA (non-genital, genital, and intercourse) were assessed by self-report in two groups of Han Chinese women: 6017 clinically ascertained with recurrent MD and 5983 matched controls. Diagnostic and other risk factor information was assessed at personal interview. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by logistic regression.
Results
We confirmed earlier results by replicating prior analyses in 3,950 new recurrent MD cases. There were no significant differences between the two data sets. Any form of CSA was significantly associated with recurrent MD (OR 4.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) [3.19–5.24]). This association strengthened with increasing CSA severity: non-genital (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.58–3.15), genital (OR 5.24, 95% CI 3.52–8.15) and intercourse (OR 10.65, 95% CI 5.56–23.71). Among the depressed women, those with CSA had an earlier age of onset, longer depressive episodes. Recurrent MD patients those with CSA had an increased risk for dysthymia (OR 1.60, 95%CI 1.11–2.27) and phobia (OR 1.41, 95%CI 1.09–1.80). Any form of CSA was significantly associated with suicidal ideation or attempt (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.20–1.89) and feelings of worthlessness or guilt (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.02–2.02). Intercourse (OR 3.47, 95%CI 1.66–8.22), use of force and threats (OR 1.95, 95%CI 1.05–3.82) and how strongly the victims were affected at the time (OR 1.39, 95%CI 1.20–1.64) were significantly associated with recurrent MD.
Conclusions
In Chinese women CSA is strongly associated with recurrent MD and this association increases with greater severity of CSA. Depressed women with CSA have some specific clinical traits. Some features of CSA were associated with greater likelihood of developing recurrent MD.
41 citations
Cites background from "Perceived parenting and risk for ma..."
...These, and related features are described in detail in other publications [31,32,33,34]....
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References
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TL;DR: Arthur Kleinman, a psychiatrist and anthropologist, has constructed a wide-ranging discussion of the various ways in which human distress is configured in different social and cultural settings.
Abstract: Neurasthenia (ironically, a Western import) is a common diagnosis in the Peoples' Republic of China, but in the United States it is no longer even included inDSM-III. Conversely, depression in various forms is probably the most frequently diagnosed psychiatric condition in the United States. Although it is recognized in the Peoples' Republic of China, it is an uncommon diagnosis. Building on this discrepancy, Arthur Kleinman, a psychiatrist and anthropologist, has constructed a wide-ranging discussion of the various ways in which human distress is configured in different social and cultural settings. The empirical center of the book is a study of 100 consecutive patients diagnosed at the Hunan Medical College as having neurasthenia. Of these, 93 metDSM-IIIcriteria for depression, including 87 diagnosed as having a major depressive disorder. Does this mean that Western psychiatry has the answers and that the Chinese are ignorant or behind the times in
235 citations
"Perceived parenting and risk for ma..." refers background in this paper
...Kleinman has pointed out that ‘culturally coded symptoms may confound diagnosis ’ (Kleinman, 2004) and has written extensively about the difference in the ways mood is conceptualized and expressed in China (Kleinman, 1986)....
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...In particular, given the potential importance of the period 1966–1976 (Cultural Revolution) on families (Kleinman, 1986), we looked for an effect of the age of the subjects on perceived parenting scores....
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01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: A comparison of Across-Family and Within-Family Parenting Predictors of Adolescent Psychopathology and Suicidal ideation can be found in this article, with a focus on sibling similarity as an individual differences variable.
Abstract: Contents: Preface. R. Plomin, H.M. Chipuer, J.M. Neiderhiser, Behavioral Genetic Evidence for the Importance of Nonshared Environment. M.J. Rovine, Estimating Nonshared Environment Using Sibling Discrepancy Scores. D. Reiss, R. Plomin, E.M. Hetherington, G.W. Howe, M. Rovine, A. Tryon, M.S. Hagan, The Separate Worlds of Teenage Siblings: An Introduction to the Study of the Nonshared Environment and Adolescent Development. J. Dunn, S. McGuire, Young Children's Nonshared Experiences: A Summary of Studies in Cambridge and Colorado. G. Brody, Z. Stoneman, Sibling Relationships and Their Association With Parental Differential Treatment. M. Tejerina-Allen, B.M. Wagner, P. Cohen, A Comparison of Across-Family and Within-Family Parenting Predictors of Adolescent Psychopathology and Suicidal Ideation. D.C. Rowe, E.J. Woulbroun, B.L. Gulley, Peers and Friends as Nonshared Environmental Influences. C.K. Ewart, Nonshared Environments and Heart Disease Risk: Concepts and Data for a Model of Coronary-Prone Behavior. J.E. Deal, C.F. Halverson, Jr., K.S. Wampler, Sibling Similarity as an Individual Differences Variable: Within-Family Measures of Shared Environment.
231 citations
"Perceived parenting and risk for ma..." refers background in this paper
...…poor parenting and MD. Correlations between contemporaneously recorded child-rearing practices and later recall are moderate (McCrae & Costa, 1988 ; Dunn & McGuire, 1994), as are the levels of agreement between relatives in retrospectively reported parenting (Parker, 1981, 1983 ; Schwarz et al.…...
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TL;DR: Evidence is presented from a logistic regression analysis of data from a volunteer community sample that lack of care rather than over-protection is the primary risk factor for depression.
Abstract: It has been well established that individuals with a history of depression report their parents as being less caring and more overprotective of them than do controls. ‘Affectionless control’ in childhood has thus been proposed as a risk factor for depression. Evidence is presented from a logistic regression analysis of data from a volunteer community sample that lack of care rather than over-protection is the primary risk factor. No evidence for an interaction effect of low care and over-protection was found.
205 citations
"Perceived parenting and risk for ma..." refers background in this paper
...A parenting style characterized by high levels of control and protectiveness and low levels of warmth (referred to as ‘affectionless control ’) has been hypothesized to be particularly pathogenic with respect to risk for MD (Parker 1979; Mackinnon et al. 1993 ; Sato et al. 1998)....
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TL;DR: The current study examines the major risk factors and some cultural uniqueness related to Chinese rural suicide using a quantitative design.
Abstract: Objective: Previous research on sociocultural factors for Chinese suicide have been basically limited to single case studies or qualitative research with ethnographic methodology. The current study examines the major risk factors and some cultural uniqueness related to Chinese rural suicide using a quantitative design. Method: This is a case control study with 66 completed suicides and 66 living controls obtained from psychological autopsy interviews in rural China. Results: Both bivariate analyses and the multiple regression model have found that the Chinese rural suicide patterns are basically similar to those in most other cultures in the world: strong predictors of rural Chinese suicide are the psychopathological, psychological, and physical health variables, followed by social support and negative and stressful life events. Other significant correlates include lower education, poverty, religion, and family disputes. Conclusion: Culture has an important impact on suicide patterns in a society.
187 citations
"Perceived parenting and risk for ma..." refers background in this paper
...…political strategies and social policies in China ; Phillips, Zhang and co-workers have explored the relationship between suicide in depression in China, demonstrating the importance of cultural factors in contributing to psychiatric disease (Phillips et al. 2002 ; Zhang et al. 2004, 2010)....
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TL;DR: W appears to be strongly influenced by parental and childhood temperament and vulnerability to psychiatric illness while P and A are more strongly influence by 'sociological' factors such as religious affiliation and educational status and by a range of child characteristics.
Abstract: Background To understand the relationship between parenting and psychopathology in offspring, it is critical to clarify the determinants of parenting behaviour itself. Methods A 16-item version of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) was administered to parents of epidemiologically sampled adult female-female twin pairs, who reported on the parenting they provided to their twins, and to the twins themselves who reported on the parenting they and their co-twin had received (N = 828 twin families). Using a mixed-model regression, we examined the impact on parenting, as retrospectively reported by parents and twins, of six variable domains: demographic factors, family characteristics, parental symptoms and personality, parental psychopathology, child vulnerability and childhood temperament. Results The PBI yielded three factors: warmth (W), protectiveness (P) and authoritarianism (A). W was most strongly predicted by parental personality and psychopathology, parental marital quality, and child temperament. P and A were both most strongly predicted by parental educational level and religious fundamentalism. In addition, P was predicted by neurotic/anxious traits in both parent and child. For a number of variables that predicted W, the strength of the association was stronger when twins were reporting than when parents were reporting. Conclusions Parenting is a complex, multi-determined set of behaviours that is influenced by parental personality, psychopathology, values and marital quality and by a range of child characteristics. W appears to be strongly influenced by parental and childhood temperament and vulnerability to psychiatric illness while P and A are more strongly influenced by 'sociological' factors such as religious affiliation and educational status.
184 citations
"Perceived parenting and risk for ma..." refers background or result in this paper
...This three-factor PBI solution found by Kendler et al. (1997) has been replicated in two other US samples (Cox et al. 2000 ; Lizardi & Klein 2002), and also in Japan (Sato et al. 1999) and Brazil (Terra et al. 2009)....
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...The magnitude of the association can be perhaps be best expressed by reversing the dimension and calling it parental coldness (Kendler et al. 1997)....
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...Table 1 shows the loadings on each item and also provides, for comparison, the results for fathers from the prior US sample of Kendler et al. (1997)....
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