Perceived parenting and risk for major depression in Chinese women
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics1, Fudan University2, Shanghai Jiao Tong University3, Tongji University4, Jiangsu University5, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University6, Zhengzhou University7, Harbin Medical University8, Sichuan University9, Capital Medical University10, China Medical University (PRC)11, Sun Yat-sen University12, Shanxi Medical University13, Jinan University14, Hebei Medical University15, Lanzhou University16, Fourth Military Medical University17, Virginia Commonwealth University18
TL;DR: The results suggest that cultural factors impact on patterns of parenting and their association with MD, and high parental protectiveness is generally pathogenic in Western countries but protective in China, especially when received from the father.
Abstract: Background. In Western countries, a history of major depression (MD) is associated with reports of received parenting that is low in warmth and caring and high in control and authoritarianism. Does a similar pattern exist in women in China? Method. Received parenting was assessed by a shortened version of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) in two groups of Han Chinese women: 1970 clinically ascertained cases with recurrent MD and 2597 matched controls. MD was assessed at personal interview. Results. Factor analysis of the PBI revealed three factors for both mothers and fathers : warmth, protectiveness, and authoritarianism. Lower warmth and protectiveness and higher authoritarianism from both mother and father were significantly associated with risk for recurrent MD. Parental warmth was positively correlated with parental protectiveness and negatively correlated with parental authoritarianism. When examined together, paternal warmth was more strongly associated with lowered risk for MD than maternal warmth. Furthermore, paternal protectiveness was negatively and maternal protectiveness positively associated with risk for MD. Conclusions. Although the structure of received parenting is very similar in China and Western countries, the association with MD is not. High parental protectiveness is generally pathogenic in Western countries but protective in China, especially when received from the father. Our results suggest that cultural factors impact on patterns of parenting and their association with MD.
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TL;DR: Based on the largest sample of patients with factitious disorder analyzed to date, the findings offer an important first step toward an evidence-based approach to the disorder.
88 citations
Cites background from "Perceived parenting and risk for ma..."
...…for the two disorders, which include childhood abuse or neglect (Norman et al., 2012; Chen et al., 2010), parental failures (Otowa et al., 2013; Gao et al., 2012; Sakado et al., 2000; Kendler et al., 2000), marital difficulties (Whisman et al., 2000), substance abuse (Bovasso et al., 2014;…...
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TL;DR: A heterogeneous course and background of maternal depressive symptoms is suggested, which should be considered in intervention planning.
54 citations
TL;DR: Vasopressin has a role in enhancing empathy among individuals who received higher levels of paternal warmth and no main or interaction effects were found forindividuals who received oxytocin.
49 citations
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics1, Virginia Commonwealth University2, Shanghai Mental Health Center3, XinHua Hospital4, Shanxi Medical University5, China Medical University (PRC)6, Capital Medical University7, Sun Yat-sen University8, Jiangsu University9, Harbin Medical University10, Chongqing Medical University11, Sichuan University12, Lanzhou University13, Shantou University14, Tongji University15, Jinan University16, Tianjin First Center Hospital17
TL;DR: Prior cross-cultural studies, factor analyses of MD in Western populations and empirical findings in this sample showing risk factor profiles similar to those seen inWestern populations suggest that the results are likely to be broadly representative of the human depressive syndrome.
Abstract: Background The symptoms of major depression (MD) are clinically diverse. Do they form coherent factors that might clarify the underlying nature of this important psychiatric syndrome? Method Symptoms at lifetime worst depressive episode were assessed at structured psychiatric interview in 6008 women of Han Chinese descent, age ⩾30 years with recurrent DSM-IV MD. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatoryfactor analysis (CFA) were performed in Mplus in random split-half samples. Results The preliminary EFA results were consistently supported by the findings from CFA. Analyses of the nine DSM-IV MD symptomatic A criteria revealed two factors loading on: (i) general depressive symptoms; and (ii) guilt/suicidal ideation. Examining 14 disaggregated DSM-IV criteria revealed three factors reflecting: (i) weight/appetite disturbance; (ii) general depressive symptoms; and (iii) sleep disturbance. Using all symptoms (n = 27), we identified five factors that reflected: (i) weight/appetite symptoms; (ii) general retarded depressive symptoms; (iii) atypical vegetative symptoms; (iv) suicidality/hopelessness; and (v) symptoms of agitation and anxiety. Conclusions MD is a clinically complex syndrome with several underlying correlated symptom dimensions. In addition to a general depressive symptom factor, a complete picture must include factors reflecting typical/atypical vegetative symptoms, cognitive symptoms (hopelessness/suicidal ideation), and an agitated symptom factor characterized by anxiety, guilt, helplessness and irritability. Prior cross-cultural studies, factor analyses of MD in Western populations and empirical findings in this sample showing risk factor profiles similar to those seen in Western populations suggest that our results are likely to be broadly representative of the human depressive syndrome.
47 citations
Fudan University1, Shanghai Mental Health Center2, China Medical University (PRC)3, Zhengzhou University4, XinHua Hospital5, Shanxi Medical University6, Capital Medical University7, Sun Yat-sen University8, Jiangsu University9, Harbin Medical University10, Hebei Medical University11, Chongqing Medical University12, Sichuan University13, Lanzhou University14, Shantou University15, Tongji University16, Jinan University17, Wuhan University18, Tianjin First Center Hospital19, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics20, Clinical Trial Service Unit21, Virginia Commonwealth University22
TL;DR: CSA is strongly associated with recurrent MD and this association increases with greater severity of CSA, and among the depressed women, those with CSA had an earlier age of onset, longer depressive episodes.
Abstract: Background
Our prior study in Han Chinese women has shown that women with a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) are at increased risk for developing major depression (MD). Would this relationship be found in our whole data set?
Method
Three levels of CSA (non-genital, genital, and intercourse) were assessed by self-report in two groups of Han Chinese women: 6017 clinically ascertained with recurrent MD and 5983 matched controls. Diagnostic and other risk factor information was assessed at personal interview. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by logistic regression.
Results
We confirmed earlier results by replicating prior analyses in 3,950 new recurrent MD cases. There were no significant differences between the two data sets. Any form of CSA was significantly associated with recurrent MD (OR 4.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) [3.19–5.24]). This association strengthened with increasing CSA severity: non-genital (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.58–3.15), genital (OR 5.24, 95% CI 3.52–8.15) and intercourse (OR 10.65, 95% CI 5.56–23.71). Among the depressed women, those with CSA had an earlier age of onset, longer depressive episodes. Recurrent MD patients those with CSA had an increased risk for dysthymia (OR 1.60, 95%CI 1.11–2.27) and phobia (OR 1.41, 95%CI 1.09–1.80). Any form of CSA was significantly associated with suicidal ideation or attempt (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.20–1.89) and feelings of worthlessness or guilt (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.02–2.02). Intercourse (OR 3.47, 95%CI 1.66–8.22), use of force and threats (OR 1.95, 95%CI 1.05–3.82) and how strongly the victims were affected at the time (OR 1.39, 95%CI 1.20–1.64) were significantly associated with recurrent MD.
Conclusions
In Chinese women CSA is strongly associated with recurrent MD and this association increases with greater severity of CSA. Depressed women with CSA have some specific clinical traits. Some features of CSA were associated with greater likelihood of developing recurrent MD.
41 citations
Cites background from "Perceived parenting and risk for ma..."
...These, and related features are described in detail in other publications [31,32,33,34]....
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References
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TL;DR: Findings give further weight to the contention that adverse parenting in childhood, particularly a maternal parenting style typified by low care, is a significant risk factor for adult depression.
112 citations
"Perceived parenting and risk for ma..." refers result in this paper
...Similar to other studies in Western populations (Oakley-Browne et al. 1995 ; Rey 1995; Rodgers 1996a, b ; Kendler et al. 2000), we also found that high levels of Authoritarianism were associated with an increased risk for MD....
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...…for MD. Consistent with a wide array of prior studies (Parker, 1979 ; Perris et al. 1986 ; Plantes et al. 1988 ; Parker & Hadzi-Pavlovic, 1992 ; Oakley-Browne et al. 1995 ; Rey, 1995 ; Rodgers, 1996a, b ; Kendler et al. 2000), the most robust association we observed was an inverse one between…...
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors sought to ascertain if depressed adolescents perceived their parents as less caring and more controlling than patients with other diagnoses, as reported for adults, and found that only adolescents with major depression showed an association with low maternal care.
110 citations
TL;DR: Low perceived parental care was associated with a past history of depression, that it was not entirely an artefact of having been depressed, and it was suggested that this association was partially independent of neuroticism.
Abstract: Background. We examined a group of subjects at familial risk of depression and explored the relationship between the perceptions of parents and a history of depression. We also investigated: (a) whether any difference in perceived parenting found between those with and without a past history of depression was an artefact of the depression; and (b) whether the relationship between parenting and depression was explained by neuroticism.Method. We took a sample of first-degree relatives selected from a family study in depression and subdivided them by their history of mental illness on the SADS-L, into those: (a) without a history of mental illness (N=43); and (b) those who had fully recovered from an episode of RDC major depression (N=34). We compared the perceptions of parenting, as measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), in these two groups having adjusted for the effect of neuroticism and subsyndromal depressive symptoms. We also had informants report on parenting of their siblings, the latter being subdivided into those with and without a past history of depression.Results. Relatives with a past history of depression showed lower care scores for both mother and father combined compared with the never ill relatives. The presence of a history of depression was associated with a non-significant reduction in the self-report care scores compared to the siblings report. Vulnerable personality (as measured by high neuroticism) and low perceived care were both found to exert independent effects in discriminating between the scores of relatives with and without a history of depression and there was no interaction between them.Conclusion. This study confirmed that low perceived parental care was associated with a past history of depression, that it was not entirely an artefact of having been depressed, and suggested that this association was partially independent of neuroticism.
108 citations
"Perceived parenting and risk for ma..." refers background in this paper
...A substantial body of literature suggests a relationship between the quality of parenting received as a child and risk for psychiatric illness in general and for major depression (MD) in particular (Parker, 1979, 1983 ; Burbach & Borduin, 1986 ; Perris et al. 1986, 1994 ; Gerlsma et al. 1990 ; Duggan et al. 1998 ; Kendler et al. 2000)....
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...…a relationship between the quality of parenting received as a child and risk for psychiatric illness in general and for major depression (MD) in particular (Parker, 1979, 1983 ; Burbach & Borduin, 1986 ; Perris et al. 1986, 1994 ; Gerlsma et al. 1990 ; Duggan et al. 1998 ; Kendler et al. 2000)....
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TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper examined how maternal authoritative and authoritarian attitudes were manifested in mother-child interactions and relationships in Chinese culture and found that maternal attitudes were associated with child behaviours through the mediation of parenting strategies.
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to examine how maternal authoritative and authoritarian attitudes were manifested in mother-child interactions and relationships in Chinese culture. A sample of 2-year-old children and their mothers (N = 166) in Beijing and Shanghai, People's Republic of China, participated in the study. Information on maternal child-rearing attitudes and mother-child attachment relationships was obtained from mothers' reports. Data concerning maternal parenting strategies, child behaviours, and child reactions to maternal reunion were collected from observations. The results indicated that maternal authoritative attitudes were associated with low power parenting strategies, whereas maternal authoritarian attitudes were associated with enforcement and prohibitory strategies. It was also found that maternal attitudes were associated with child behaviours through the mediation of parenting strategies. However, maternal attitudes might contribute uniquely to mother-child relationships, over and a...
105 citations
"Perceived parenting and risk for ma..." refers result in this paper
...…the effect of parenting on children’s academic, social and psychological adjustment have found patterns similar to those obtained in theWest (Chen et al. 1997, 2000 ; Lai &McBride-Chang, 2001), but some have argued that Western categorizations of parenting styles do not capture the full…...
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TL;DR: The replicability of findings across gender, age, and clinical versus community samples attests to the robustness of this three-factor structure of parenting styles.
Abstract: Background: Study of the contribution of retrospective perceptions of dysfunctional parenting in relation to adult psychopathology has been greatly facilitated by the development of the 25-item Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI; Parker et al. 1979). Method: The present study employed confirmatory factor analytic techniques to evaluate competing models of the basic dimensions underlying different versions of the PBI, in a psychiatric sample from a mood disorders program and with a new modification of the PBI employed in the US National Comorbidity Survey. Results: The results indicated that a three-factor model originally identified in a 16-item version of the PBI modified for epidemiological research (Kendler 1996) showed the best fit to the data. The three dimensions of care, overprotection, and authoritarianism also explained the underlying structure of the NCS-modified, eight-item PBI that is now part of the NCS public use dataset available to psychopathology researchers. Conclusions: The replicability of findings across gender, age, and clinical versus community samples attests to the robustness of this three-factor structure of parenting styles.
100 citations
"Perceived parenting and risk for ma..." refers result in this paper
...This three-factor PBI solution found by Kendler et al. (1997) has been replicated in two other US samples (Cox et al. 2000 ; Lizardi & Klein 2002), and also in Japan (Sato et al. 1999) and Brazil (Terra et al. 2009)....
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