Perceptual matching in patients with cerebral lesions
TL;DR: Tasks of perceptual matching, including three types of visual stimulus (slope of line, position of dot and size of gap in contour) were devised, and the right parietal group was impaired on the perceptual matching tasks.
About: This article is published in Neuropsychologia.The article was published on 1970-11-01. It has received 169 citations till now.
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TL;DR: A brief test assessing capacity for discriminating the direction of lines was constructed and application to patients with unilateral brain disease disclosed a remarkably high frequency of defective performance in those with right hemisphere lesions.
Abstract: • We constructed and developed a brief test assessing capacity for discriminating the direction of lines. Application of the test to patients with unilateral brain disease disclosed a remarkably high frequency of defective performance in those with right hemisphere lesions. The performance of patients with left hemisphere lesions was comparable to that of control patients. Brevity and ease of administration make the test convenient for clinical use.
869 citations
TL;DR: A theory of some of these subsystems is formulated in light of an analysis of problems that must be solved by the visual system and the constraints on the solutions to these problems; computational, neurological, and behavioral constraints are considered.
Abstract: Visual recognition, navigation, tracking, and imagery are posited to share certain high-level processing subsystems. In the first part of this article, a theory of some of these subsystems is formulated. This theory is developed in light of an analysis of problems that must be solved by the visual system and the constraints on the solutions to these problems; computational, neurological, and behavioral constraints are considered. In the second part, inferences about perceptual subsystems are used to develop a theory of how mental images are generated. Support for this theory is adduced from studies of split-brain patients and a review of relevant neuropsychological findings. In the third part, a computational mechanism is developed to account for how visual function becomes lateralized in the brain; this mechanism is used to predict how the hypothesized processing subsystems become lateralized. In the fourth part, some critical tests of the theory of lateralization of perceptual processing subsystems are reported, and in the fifth part the theory is extended to account for the lateralization of image-transformation subsystems. In the sixth part, the theory is used to account for the almost ubiquitous variability (both between subjects and within subjects) evident in the neuropsychological literature on lateralization. Finally, in the concluding part of the article, the computational-neuropsychological approach is discussed and evaluated.
868 citations
TL;DR: Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a two-factor model corresponding to the Warrington theory of object and space perception as discrete domains showed excellent congruence with the data, despite limitations in the VOSP space perception tests that may have resulted in underestimation of model fit.
Abstract: Competing hypotheses regarding the nature of visual processing were examined using the performance of 111 healthy older persons on the Warrington and James (1990) Visual Object and Space Perception Battery (VOSP). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a two-factor model corresponding to the Warrington theory of object and space perception as discrete domains showed excellent congruence with the data, despite limitations in the VOSP space perception tests that may have resulted in underestimation of model fit. Moreover, compared to a unidimensional model of visual processing, the Warrington model demonstrated a superior fit to the data. These findings add to the bodies of evidence supporting a dissociation between object- and space-perception abilities and defining the construct validity of the VOSP battery.
723 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that face recognition normally depends on two systems: a holistic, face-specific system that is dependent on orientationspecific coding of second-order relational features (internal) and a part-based object-recognition system, which is damaged in CK and which contributes to face recognition when the face stimulus does not satisfy the domain-specific conditions needed to activate the face system.
Abstract: In order to study face recognition in relative isolation from visual processes that may also contribute to object recognition and reading, we investigated CK, a man with normal face recognition but with object agnosia and dyslexia caused by a closed-head injury. We administered recognition tests of up right faces, of family resemblance, of age-transformed faces, of caricatures, of cartoons, of inverted faces, and of face features, of disguised faces, of perceptually degraded faces, of fractured faces, of faces parts, and of faces whose parts were made of objects. We compared CK's performance with that of at least 12 control participants. We found that CK performed as well as controls as long as the face was upright and retained the configurational integrity among the internal facial features, the eyes, nose, and mouth. This held regardless of whether the face was disguised or degraded and whether the face was represented as a photo, a caricature, a cartoon, or a face composed of objects. In the last case, CK perceived the face but, unlike controls, was rarely aware that it was composed of objects. When the face, or just the internal features, were inverted or when the configurational gestalt was broken by fracturing the face or misaligning the top and bottom halves, CK's performance suffered far more than that of controls. We conclude that face recognition normally depends on two systems: (1) a holistic, face-specific system that is dependent on orientationspecific coding of second-order relational features (internal), which is intact in CK and (2) a part-based object-recognition system, which is damaged in CK and which contributes to face recognition when the face stimulus does not satisfy the domain-specific conditions needed to activate the face system.
632 citations
Cites background from "Perceptual matching in patients wit..."
...Patients with parietal lesions who have visual, constructive problems perform poorly on this and other tests of closure whether objects or faces are involved (Milner, 1980; Warrington & Rabin, 1970)....
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TL;DR: The results of the three experiments clearly imply that different working-memory buffers are used for storing spatial and object information.
Abstract: We used positron emission tomography (PET) to answer the following question: Is working memory a unitary storage system, or does it instead include different storage buffers for different kinds of information? In Experiment 1, PET measures were taken while subjects engaged in either a spatial-memory task (retain the position of three dots for 3 sec) or an object-memory task (retain the identity of two objects for 3 sec). The results manifested a striking double dissociation, as the spatial task activated only right-hemisphere regions, whereas the object task activated primarily left-hemisphere regions. The spatial (right-hemisphere) regions included occipital, parietal, and prefrontal areas, while the object (left-hemisphere) regions included inferotemporal and parietal areas. Experiment 2 was similar to Experiment 1 except that the stimuli and trial events were identical for the spatial and object tasks; whether spatial or object memory was required was manipulated by instructions. The PET results once more showed a double dissociation, as the spatial task activated primarily right-hemisphere regions (again including occipital, parietal and prefrontal areas), whereas the object task activated only left-hemisphere regions (again including inferotemporal and parietal areas). Experiment 3 was a strictly behavioral study, which produced another double dissociation. It used the same tasks as Experiment 2, and showed that a variation in spatial similarity affected performance in the spatial but not the object task, whereas a variation in shape similarity affected performance in the object but not the spatial task. Taken together, the results of the three experiments clearly imply that different working-memory buffers are used for storing spatial and object information.
515 citations
Cites background from "Perceptual matching in patients wit..."
...Area 40 is well known for its involvement in spatial processing and memory, ;is lesions in this region frequently lead to impairments in spatial coding and memory for spatial information (eg.. Warrington & Rabin, 1970; Egly, Driver, & Rafal, 19%)....
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References
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Journal Article•
482 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a common meaningful object (they were copied from books prepared for pre-school age children) was selected for the recognition task and the problem under consideration was twofold: how complete must the representation of a common object be in order that it be recognized; and to what extent may the completeness of representation required for recognition be reduced as a function of training.
Abstract: A major difficulty encountered in comparative-developmental research is the location of experimental tasks which are within the response limits of widely disparate cross-sectional samples. The tasks must be easy enough so that fairly young Ss can come to grips with them and difficult enough so that adult Ss have to do some work in order to master the tasks. Correlated with the dimension of wo~kability of tasks are motivational factors which involve aspects such as attention, fatigue, and boredom. These aspects determine to a considerable extent the length of tasks which may be used and the amount of effort which will be expended by Ss. It is no surprise, in view of these difficulties, that the bulk of studies in developmental psychology are confined to proximate cross-sectional samples. It is important to note, in this general context, that the procedural and methodological problems which arise in attempts to investigate ontogenetic behavioral development may represent signposts to essential aspects of psychological functioning. These problems are discussed more extensively elsewhere by Gollin (1956, 1960) and Wohlwill (1960). The above considerations entered into the selection of materials for the present experiments. Common meaningful objects (they were copied from books prepared for pre-school age children) were selected for the recognition task. The problem under consideration was two-fold: first, how complete must the representation of a common object be in order that it be recognized; second, to what extent may the completeness of representation required for recognition be reduced as a function of training? In most investigations of the effects of experience upon recognition the stunidus materials are exposed at tachistoscopic speeds. Since very young children were to be employed in the present studies, longer exposure times were introduced and the size of the stimulus displays was made larger than is customary.
266 citations
TL;DR: Evidence for some degree of differentiation of function within the right hemisphere is presented, and the relationship between perceptual disorders following right hemisphere lesions and visual object agnosia is discussed.
245 citations
187 citations